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annotate doc/i18n.txt @ 928:a1fa93e72d69 stable-0.6.x

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Merge r1150 from trunk (fix i18n namespace documentaton issue #400).
author hodgestar
date Thu, 10 Mar 2011 08:50:44 +0000
parents d30ceea3eadd
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 =====================================
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4 Internationalization and Localization
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5 =====================================
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6
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7 Genshi provides comprehensive supporting infrastructure for internationalizing
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8 and localizing templates. That includes functionality for extracting
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9 localizable strings from templates, as well as a template filter and special
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10 directives that can apply translations to templates as they get rendered.
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11
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12 This support is based on `gettext`_ message catalogs and the `gettext Python
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13 module`_. The extraction process can be used from the API level, or through
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14 the front-ends implemented by the `Babel`_ project, for which Genshi provides
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15 a plugin.
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16
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17 .. _`gettext`: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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18 .. _`gettext python module`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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19 .. _`babel`: http://babel.edgewall.org/
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20
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21
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22 .. contents:: Contents
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23 :depth: 2
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24 .. sectnum::
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25
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26
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27 Basics
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28 ======
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29
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30 The simplest way to internationalize and translate templates would be to wrap
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31 all localizable strings in a ``gettext()`` function call (which is often
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32 aliased to ``_()`` for brevity). In that case, no extra template filter is
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33 required.
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34
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35 .. code-block:: genshi
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36
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37 <p>${_("Hello, world!")}</p>
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38
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39 However, this approach results in significant “character noise” in templates,
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40 making them harder to read and preview.
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41
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42 The ``genshi.filters.Translator`` filter allows you to get rid of the
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43 explicit `gettext`_ function calls, so you can (often) just continue to write:
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44
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45 .. code-block:: genshi
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46
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47 <p>Hello, world!</p>
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48
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49 This text will still be extracted and translated as if you had wrapped it in a
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50 ``_()`` call.
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51
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52 .. note:: For parameterized or pluralizable messages, you need to use the
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53 special `template directives`_ described below, or use the
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54 corresponding ``gettext`` function in embedded Python expressions.
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55
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56 You can control which tags should be ignored by this process; for example, it
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57 doesn't really make sense to translate the content of the HTML
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58 ``<script></script>`` element. Both ``<script>`` and ``<style>`` are excluded
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59 by default.
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60
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61 Attribute values can also be automatically translated. The default is to
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62 consider the attributes ``abbr``, ``alt``, ``label``, ``prompt``, ``standby``,
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63 ``summary``, and ``title``, which is a list that makes sense for HTML
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64 documents. Of course, you can tell the translator to use a different set of
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65 attribute names, or none at all.
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66
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67 ----------------
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68 Language Tagging
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69 ----------------
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70
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71 You can control automatic translation in your templates using the ``xml:lang``
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72 attribute. If the value of that attribute is a literal string, the contents and
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73 attributes of the element will be ignored:
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74
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75 .. code-block:: genshi
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76
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77 <p xml:lang="en">Hello, world!</p>
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78
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79 On the other hand, if the value of the ``xml:lang`` attribute contains a Python
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80 expression, the element contents and attributes are still considered for
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81 automatic translation:
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82
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83 .. code-block:: genshi
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84
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85 <html xml:lang="$locale">
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86 ...
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87 </html>
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88
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89
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90 .. _`template directives`:
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91
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92 Template Directives
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93 ===================
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94
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95 Sometimes localizable strings in templates may contain dynamic parameters, or
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96 they may depend on the numeric value of some variable to choose a proper
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97 plural form. Sometimes the strings contain embedded markup, such as tags for
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98 emphasis or hyperlinks, and you don't want to rely on the people doing the
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99 translations to know the syntax and escaping rules of HTML and XML.
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100
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101 In those cases the simple text extraction and translation process described
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102 above is not sufficient. You could just use ``gettext`` API functions in
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103 embedded Python expressions for parameters and pluralization, but that does
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104 not help when messages contain embedded markup. Genshi provides special
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105 template directives for internationalization that attempt to provide a
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106 comprehensive solution for this problem space.
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107
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108 To enable these directives, you'll need to register them with the templates
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109 they are used in. You can do this by adding them manually via the
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110 ``Template.add_directives(namespace, factory)`` (where ``namespace`` would be
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111 “http://genshi.edgewall.org/i18n” and ``factory`` would be an instance of the
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112 ``Translator`` class). Or you can just call the ``Translator.setup(template)``
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113 class method, which both registers the directives and adds the translation
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114 filter.
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115
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116 After the directives have been registered with the template engine on the
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117 Python side of your application, you need to declare the corresponding
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118 directive namespace in all markup templates that use them. For example:
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119
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120 .. code-block:: genshi
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121
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122 <html xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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123 xmlns:i18n="http://genshi.edgewall.org/i18n">
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124 …
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125 </html>
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126
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127 These directives only make sense in the context of `markup templates`_. For
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128 `text templates`_, you can just use the corresponding ``gettext`` API calls as needed.
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129
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130 .. note:: The internationalization directives are still somewhat experimental
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131 and have some known issues. However, the attribute language they
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132 implement should be stable and is not subject to change
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133 substantially in future versions.
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134
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135 .. _`markup templates`: xml-templates.html
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136 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html
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137
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138 --------
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139 Messages
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140 --------
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141
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142 ``i18n:msg``
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143 ------------
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144
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145 This is the basic directive for defining localizable text passages that
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146 contain parameters and/or markup.
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147
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148 For example, consider the following template snippet:
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149
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150 .. code-block:: genshi
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151
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152 <p>
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153 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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154 </p>
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155
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156 Without further annotation, the translation filter would treat this sentence
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157 as two separate messages (“Please visit” and “for help”), and the translator
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158 would have no control over the position of the link in the sentence.
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159
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160 However, when you use the Genshi internationalization directives, you simply
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161 add an ``i18n:msg`` attribute to the enclosing ``<p>`` element:
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162
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163 .. code-block:: genshi
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164
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165 <p i18n:msg="name">
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166 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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167 </p>
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168
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169 Genshi is then able to identify the text in the ``<p>`` element as a single
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170 message for translation purposes. You'll see the following string in your
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171 message catalog::
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172
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173 Please visit [1:%(name)s] for help.
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174
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175 The `<a>` element with its attribute has been replaced by a part in square
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176 brackets, which does not include the tag name or the attributes of the element.
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177
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178 The value of the ``i18n:msg`` attribute is a comma-separated list of parameter
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179 names, which serve as simplified aliases for the actual Python expressions the
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180 message contains. The order of the paramer names in the list must correspond
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181 to the order of the expressions in the text. In this example, there is only
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182 one parameter: its alias for translation is “name”, while the corresponding
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183 expression is ``${site.name}``.
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184
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185 The translator now has complete control over the structure of the sentence. He
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186 or she certainly does need to make sure that any bracketed parts are not
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187 removed, and that the ``name`` parameter is preserved correctly. But those are
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188 things that can be easily checked by validating the message catalogs. The
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189 important thing is that the translator can change the sentence structure, and
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190 has no way to break the application by forgetting to close a tag, for example.
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191
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192 So if the German translator of this snippet decided to translate it to::
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193
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194 Um Hilfe zu erhalten, besuchen Sie bitte [1:%(name)s]
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195
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196 The resulting output might be:
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197
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198 .. code-block:: xml
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199
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200 <p>
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201 Um Hilfe zu erhalten, besuchen Sie bitte
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202 <a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>
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203 </p>
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204
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205 Messages may contain multiple tags, and they may also be nested. For example:
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206
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207 .. code-block:: genshi
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208
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209 <p i18n:msg="name">
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210 <i>Please</i> visit <b>the site <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a></b>
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211 for help.
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212 </p>
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213
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214 This would result in the following message ID::
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215
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216 [1:Please] visit [2:the site [3:%(name)s]] for help.
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217
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218 Again, the translator has full control over the structure of the sentence. So
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219 the German translation could actually look like this::
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220
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221 Um Hilfe zu erhalten besuchen Sie [1:bitte]
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222 [3:%(name)s], [2:das ist eine Web-Site]
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223
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224 Which Genshi would recompose into the following outout:
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225
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226 .. code-block:: xml
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227
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228 <p>
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229 Um Hilfe zu erhalten besuchen Sie <i>bitte</i>
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230 <a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>, <b>das ist eine Web-Site</b>
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231 </p>
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232
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233 Note how the translation has changed the order and even the nesting of the
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234 tags.
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235
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236 .. warning:: Please note that ``i18n:msg`` directives do not support other
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237 nested directives. Directives commonly change the structure of
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238 the generated markup dynamically, which often would result in the
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239 structure of the text changing, thus making translation as a
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240 single message ineffective.
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241
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242 ``i18n:choose``, ``i18n:singular``, ``i18n:plural``
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243 ---------------------------------------------------
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244
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245 Translatable strings that vary based on some number of objects, such as “You
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246 have 1 new message” or “You have 3 new messages”, present their own challenge,
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247 in particular when you consider that different languages have different rules
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248 for pluralization. For example, while English and most western languages have
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249 two plural forms (one for ``n=1`` and an other for ``n<>1``), Welsh has five
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250 different plural forms, while Hungarian only has one.
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251
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252 The ``gettext`` framework has long supported this via the ``ngettext()``
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253 family of functions. You specify two default messages, one singular and one
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254 plural, and the number of items. The translations however may contain any
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255 number of plural forms for the message, depending on how many are commonly
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256 used in the language. ``ngettext`` will choose the correct plural form of the
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257 translated message based on the specified number of items.
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258
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259 Genshi provides a variant of the ``i18n:msg`` directive described above that
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260 allows choosing the proper plural form based on the numeric value of a given
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261 variable. The pluralization support is implemented in a set of three
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262 directives that must be used together: ``i18n:choose``, ``i18n:singular``, and
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263 ``i18n:plural``.
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264
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265 The ``i18n:choose`` directive is used to set up the context of the message: it
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266 simply wraps the singular and plural variants.
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267
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268 The value of this directive is split into two parts: the first is the
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269 *numeral*, a Python expression that evaluates to a number to determine which
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270 plural form should be chosen. The second part, separated by a semicolon, lists
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271 the parameter names. This part is equivalent to the value of the ``i18n:msg``
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272 directive.
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273
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274 For example:
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275
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276 .. code-block:: genshi
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277
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278 <p i18n:choose="len(messages); num">
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279 <i18n:singular>You have <b>${len(messages)}</b> new message.</i18n:singular>
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280 <i18n:plural>You have <b>${len(messages)}</b> new messages.</i18n:plural>
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281 </p>
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282
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283 All three directives can be used either as elements or attribute. So the above
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284 example could also be written as follows:
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285
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286 .. code-block:: genshi
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287
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288 <i18n:choose numeral="len(messages)" params="num">
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289 <p i18n:singular="">You have <b>${len(messages)}</b> new message.</p>
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290 <p i18n:plural="">You have <b>${len(messages)}</b> new messages.</p>
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291 </i18n:choose>
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292
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293 When used as an element, the two parts of the ``i18n:choose`` value are split
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294 into two different attributes: ``numeral`` and ``params``. The
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295 ``i18n:singular`` and ``i18n:plural`` directives do not require or support any
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296 value (or any extra attributes).
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297
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298 --------------------
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299 Comments and Domains
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300 --------------------
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301
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302 ``i18n:comment``
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303 ----------------
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304
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305 The ``i18n:comment`` directive can be used to supply a comment for the
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306 translator. For example, if a template snippet is not easily understood
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307 outside of its context, you can add a translator comment to help the
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308 translator understand in what context the message will be used:
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309
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310 .. code-block:: genshi
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311
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312 <p i18n:msg="name" i18n:comment="Link to the relevant support site">
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313 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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314 </p>
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315
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316 This comment will be extracted together with the message itself, and will
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317 commonly be placed along the message in the message catalog, so that it is
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318 easily visible to the person doing the translation.
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319
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320 This directive has no impact on how the template is rendered, and is ignored
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321 outside of the extraction process.
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322
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323 ``i18n:domain``
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324 ---------------
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325
888
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326 In larger projects, message catalogs are commonly split up into different
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327 *domains*. For example, you might have a core application domain, and then
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328 separate domains for extensions or libraries.
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329
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330 Genshi provides a directive called ``i18n:domain`` that lets you choose the
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331 translation domain for a particular scope. For example:
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332
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333 .. code-block:: genshi
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334
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335 <div i18n:domain="examples">
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336 <p>Hello, world!</p>
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337 </div>
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338
885
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339
528
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340 Extraction
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341 ==========
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342
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343 The ``Translator`` class provides a class method called ``extract``, which is
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344 a generator yielding all localizable strings found in a template or markup
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345 stream. This includes both literal strings in text nodes and attribute values,
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346 as well as strings in ``gettext()`` calls in embedded Python code. See the API
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347 documentation for details on how to use this method directly.
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348
885
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349 -----------------
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350 Babel Integration
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351 -----------------
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352
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353 This functionality is integrated with the message extraction framework provided
528
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354 by the `Babel`_ project. Babel provides a command-line interface as well as
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355 commands that can be used from ``setup.py`` scripts using `Setuptools`_ or
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356 `Distutils`_.
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357
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358 .. _`setuptools`: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools
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359 .. _`distutils`: http://docs.python.org/dist/dist.html
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360
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361 The first thing you need to do to make Babel extract messages from Genshi
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362 templates is to let Babel know which files are Genshi templates. This is done
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363 using a “mapping configuration”, which can be stored in a configuration file,
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364 or specified directly in your ``setup.py``.
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365
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366 In a configuration file, the mapping may look like this:
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367
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368 .. code-block:: ini
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369
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370 # Python souce
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371 [python:**.py]
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372
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373 # Genshi templates
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374 [genshi:**/templates/**.html]
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375 include_attrs = title
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376
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377 [genshi:**/templates/**.txt]
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378 template_class = genshi.template.TextTemplate
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379 encoding = latin-1
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380
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381 Please consult the Babel documentation for details on configuration.
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382
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383 If all goes well, running the extraction with Babel should create a POT file
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384 containing the strings from your Genshi templates and your Python source files.
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385
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386
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387 ---------------------
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388 Configuration Options
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389 ---------------------
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390
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391 The Genshi extraction plugin for Babel supports the following options:
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392
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393 ``template_class``
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394 ------------------
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395 The concrete ``Template`` class that the file should be loaded with. Specify
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396 the package/module name and the class name, separated by a colon.
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397
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398 The default is to use ``genshi.template:MarkupTemplate``, and you'll want to
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399 set it to ``genshi.template:TextTemplate`` for `text templates`_.
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400
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401 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html
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402
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403 ``encoding``
594
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404 ------------
528
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405 The encoding of the template file. This is only used for text templates. The
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406 default is to assume “utf-8”.
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407
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408 ``include_attrs``
594
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409 -----------------
528
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410 Comma-separated list of attribute names that should be considered to have
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411 localizable values. Only used for markup templates.
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412
594
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413 ``ignore_tags``
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414 ---------------
528
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415 Comma-separated list of tag names that should be ignored. Only used for markup
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416 templates.
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417
594
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418 ``extract_text``
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419 ----------------
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420 Whether text outside explicit ``gettext`` function calls should be extracted.
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421 By default, any text nodes not inside ignored tags, and values of attribute in
2bbaa61b328f Add option to I18n filter to only extract strings in gettext function calls.
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422 the ``include_attrs`` list are extracted. If this option is disabled, only
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423 strings in ``gettext`` function calls are extracted.
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424
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425 .. note:: If you disable this option, and do not make use of the
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426 internationalization directives, it's not necessary to add the
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427 translation filter as described above. You only need to make sure
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428 that the template has access to the ``gettext`` functions it uses.
594
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429
528
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430
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431 Translation
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432 ===========
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433
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434 If you have prepared MO files for use with Genshi using the appropriate tools,
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435 you can access the message catalogs with the `gettext Python module`_. You'll
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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436 probably want to create a ``gettext.GNUTranslations`` instance, and make the
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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437 translation functions it provides available to your templates by putting them
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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438 in the template context.
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439
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440 The ``Translator`` filter needs to be added to the filters of the template
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441 (applying it as a stream filter will likely not have the desired effect).
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442 Furthermore it needs to be the first filter in the list, including the internal
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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443 filters that Genshi adds itself:
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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444
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445 .. code-block:: python
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446
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447 from genshi.filters import Translator
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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448 from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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449
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450 template = MarkupTemplate("...")
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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451 template.filters.insert(0, Translator(translations.ugettext))
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452
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453 The ``Translator`` class also provides the convenience method ``setup()``,
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454 which will both add the filter and register the i18n directives:
528
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455
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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456 .. code-block:: python
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457
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458 from genshi.filters import Translator
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459 from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
528
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460
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461 template = MarkupTemplate("...")
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462 translator = Translator(translations.ugettext)
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463 translator.setup(template)
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464
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465 .. warning:: If you're using ``TemplateLoader``, you should specify a
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466 `callback function`_ in which you add the filter. That ensures
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467 that the filter is not added everytime the template is rendered,
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468 thereby being applied multiple times.
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469
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470 .. _`callback function`: loader.html#callback-interface
528
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471
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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472
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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473 Related Considerations
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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474 ======================
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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475
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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476 If you intend to produce an application that is fully prepared for an
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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477 international audience, there are a couple of other things to keep in mind:
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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478
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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479 -------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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480 Unicode
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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481 -------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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482
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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483 Use ``unicode`` internally, not encoded bytestrings. Only encode/decode where
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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484 data enters or exits the system. This means that your code works with characters
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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485 and not just with bytes, which is an important distinction for example when
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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486 calculating the length of a piece of text. When you need to decode/encode, it's
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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487 probably a good idea to use UTF-8.
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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488
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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489 -------------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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490 Date and Time
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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491 -------------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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492
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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493 If your application uses datetime information that should be displayed to users
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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494 in different timezones, you should try to work with UTC (universal time)
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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495 internally. Do the conversion from and to "local time" when the data enters or
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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496 exits the system. Make use the Python `datetime`_ module and the third-party
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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497 `pytz`_ package.
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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498
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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499 --------------------------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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500 Formatting and Locale Data
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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501 --------------------------
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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502
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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503 Make sure you check out the functionality provided by the `Babel`_ project for
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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504 things like number and date formatting, locale display strings, etc.
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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505
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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506 .. _`datetime`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-datetime.html
24df908da22d Integrated [http://babel.edgewall.org/ Babel] message extraction plugin, and added I18n doc page.
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507 .. _`pytz`: http://pytz.sourceforge.net/
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