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annotate doc/i18n.txt @ 887:93c683af039b trunk

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More doc improvements.
author cmlenz
date Mon, 19 Apr 2010 08:28:47 +0000
parents 13017f59f5ea
children 7e85b17cc317
rev   line source
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 =====================================
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4 Internationalization and Localization
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5 =====================================
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6
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7 Genshi provides comprehensive supporting infrastructure for internationalizing
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8 and localizing templates. That includes functionality for extracting
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9 localizable strings from templates, as well as a template filter that can
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10 apply translations to templates as they get rendered.
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11
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12 This support is based on `gettext`_ message catalogs and the `gettext Python
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13 module`_. The extraction process can be used from the API level, or through
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14 the front-ends implemented by the `Babel`_ project, for which Genshi provides
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15 a plugin.
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16
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17 .. _`gettext`: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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18 .. _`gettext python module`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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19 .. _`babel`: http://babel.edgewall.org/
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21
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22 .. contents:: Contents
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23 :depth: 2
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24 .. sectnum::
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25
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26
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27 Basics
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28 ======
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29
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30 The simplest way to internationalize and translate templates would be to wrap
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31 all localizable strings in a ``gettext()`` function call (which is often
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32 aliased to ``_()`` for brevity). In that case, no extra template filter is
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33 required.
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34
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35 .. code-block:: genshi
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36
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37 <p>${_("Hello, world!")}</p>
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38
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39 However, this approach results in significant “character noise” in templates,
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40 making them harder to read and preview.
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41
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42 The ``genshi.filters.Translator`` filter allows you to get rid of the
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43 explicit `gettext`_ function calls, so you can continue to just write:
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44
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45 .. code-block:: genshi
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46
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47 <p>Hello, world!</p>
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48
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49 This text will still be extracted and translated as if you had wrapped it in a
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50 ``_()`` call.
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51
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52 .. note:: For parameterized or pluralizable messages, you need to use the
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53 special `template directives`_ described below, or use the
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54 corresponding ``gettext`` function in embedded Python expressions.
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55
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56 You can control which tags should be ignored by this process; for example, it
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57 doesn't really make sense to translate the content of the HTML
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58 ``<script></script>`` element. Both ``<script>`` and ``<style>`` are excluded
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59 by default.
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60
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61 Attribute values can also be automatically translated. The default is to
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62 consider the attributes ``abbr``, ``alt``, ``label``, ``prompt``, ``standby``,
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63 ``summary``, and ``title``, which is a list that makes sense for HTML
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64 documents. Of course, you can tell the translator to use a different set of
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65 attribute names, or none at all.
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66
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67 ----------------
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68 Language Tagging
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69 ----------------
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70
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71 You can control automatic translation in your templates using the ``xml:lang``
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72 attribute. If the value of that attribute is a literal string, the contents and
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73 attributes of the element will be ignored:
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74
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75 .. code-block:: genshi
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76
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77 <p xml:lang="en">Hello, world!</p>
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78
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79 On the other hand, if the value of the ``xml:lang`` attribute contains a Python
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80 expression, the element contents and attributes are still considered for
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81 automatic translation:
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82
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83 .. code-block:: genshi
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84
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85 <html xml:lang="$locale">
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86 ...
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87 </html>
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88
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89
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90 .. _`template directives`:
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91
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92 Template Directives
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93 ===================
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94
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95 Sometimes localizable strings in templates may contain dynamic parameters, or
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96 they may depend on the numeric value of some variable to choose a proper
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97 plural form. Sometimes the strings contain embedded markup, such as tags for
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98 emphasis or hyperlinks, and you don't want to rely on the people doing the
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99 translations to know the syntax and escaping rules of HTML and XML.
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100
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101 In those cases the simple text extraction and translation process described
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102 above is not sufficient. You could just use ``gettext`` API functions in
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103 embedded Python expressions for parameters and pluralization, but Genshi also
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104 provides special template directives for internationalization that attempt to
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105 provide a comprehensive solution for this problem space.
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106
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107 To enable these directives, you'll need to register them with the templates
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108 they are used in. You can do this by adding them manually via the
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109 ``Template.add_directives(namespace, factory)`` (where ``namespace`` would be
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110 “http://genshi.edgewall.org/i18n” and ``factory`` would be an instance of the
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111 ``Translator`` class). Or you can just call the ``Translator.setup(template)``
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112 class method, which both registers the directives and adds the translation
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113 filter.
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114
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115 .. note:: The internationalization directives are still somewhat experimental
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116 and have some known issues. However, the attribute language they
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117 implement should be stable and is not subject to change
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118 substantially in future versions.
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119
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120
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121 --------
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122 Messages
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123 --------
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124
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125 ``i18n:msg``
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126 ------------
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127
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128 This is the basic directive for defining localizable text passages that
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129 contain parameters and/or markup.
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130
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131 For example, consider the following template snippet:
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132
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133 .. code-block:: genshi
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134
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135 <p>
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136 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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137 </p>
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138
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139 Without further annotation, the translation filter would treat this sentence
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140 as two separate messages (“Please visit” and “for help”), and the translator
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141 would have no control over the position of the link in the sentence.
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142
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143 However, when you use the Genshi internationalization directives, you simply
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144 add an ``i18n:msg`` attribute to the enclosing ``<p>`` element:
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145
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146 .. code-block:: genshi
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147
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148 <p i18n:msg="name">
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149 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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150 </p>
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151
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152 Genshi is then able to identify the text in the ``<p>`` element as a single
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153 message for translation purposes. You'll see the following string in your
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154 message catalog::
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155
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156 Please visit [1:%(name)s] for help.
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157
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158 The `<a>` element with its attribute has been replaced by a part in square
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159 brackets, which does not include the tag name or the attributes of the element.
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160
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161 The value of the ``i18n:msg`` attribute is a comma-separated list of parameter
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162 names, which serve as simplified aliases for the actual Python expressions the
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163 message contains. The order of the paramer names in the list must correspond
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164 to the order of the expressions in the text. In this example, there is only
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165 one parameter: its alias for translation is “name”, while the corresponding
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166 expression is ``${site.name}``.
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167
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168 The translator now has complete control over the structure of the sentence. He
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169 or she certainly does need to make sure that any bracketed parts are not
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170 removed, and that the ``name`` parameter is preserved correctly. But those are
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171 things that can be easily checked by validating the message catalogs. The
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172 important thing is that the translator can change the sentence structure, and
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173 has no way to break the application by forgetting to close a tag, for example.
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174
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175 So if the German translator of this snippet decided to translate it to::
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176
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177 Um Hilfe zu erhalten, besuchen Sie bitte [1:%(name)s]
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178
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179 The resulting output might be:
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180
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181 .. code-block:: html
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182
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183 <p>
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184 Um Hilfe zu erhalten, besuchen Sie bitte
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185 <a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>
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186 </p>
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187
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188 Messages may contain multiple tags, and they may also be nested. For example:
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189
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190 .. code-block:: genshi
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191
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192 <p i18n:msg="name">
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193 <i>Please</i> visit <b>the site <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a></b>
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194 for help.
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195 </p>
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196
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197 This would result in the following message ID::
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198
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199 [1:Please] visit [2:the site [3:%(name)s]] for help.
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200
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201 Again, the translator has full control over the structure of the sentence. So
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202 the German translation could actually look like this::
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203
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204 Um Hilfe zu erhalten besuchen Sie [1:bitte]
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205 [3:%(name)s], [2:das ist eine Web-Site]
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206
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207 Which Genshi would recompose into the following outout:
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208
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209 .. code-block:: html
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210
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211 <p>
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212 Um Hilfe zu erhalten besuchen Sie <i>bitte</i>
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213 <a href="http://example.com/">Example</a>, <b>das ist eine Web-Site</b>
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214 </p>
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215
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216 Note how the translation has changed the order and even the nesting of the
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217 tags.
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218
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219 .. warning:: Please note that ``i18n:msg`` directives do not support other
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220 nested directives. Directives commonly change the structure of
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221 the generated markup dynamically, which often would result in the
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222 structure of the text changing, thus making translation as a
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223 single message ineffective.
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224
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225 ``i18n:comment``
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226 ----------------
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227
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228 The ``i18n:comment`` directive can be used to supply a comment for the
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229 translator. For example, if a template snippet is not easily understood
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230 outside of its context, you can add a translator comment to help the
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231 translator understand in what context the message will be used:
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232
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233 .. code-block:: genshi
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234
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235 <p i18n:msg="name" i18n:comment="Link to the relevant support site">
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236 Please visit <a href="${site.url}">${site.name}</a> for help.
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237 </p>
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238
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239 This comment will be extracted together with the message itself, and will
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240 commonly be placed along the message in the message catalog, so that it is
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241 easily visible to the person doing the translation.
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242
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243 This directive has no impact on how the template is rendered, and is ignored
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244 outside of the extraction process.
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245
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246
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247 -------------
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248 Pluralization
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249 -------------
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250
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251 Translatable strings that vary based on some number of objects, such as “You
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252 have 1 new message” or “You have 3 new messages”, present their own challenge,
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253 in particular when you consider that different languages have different rules
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254 for pluralization. For example, while English and most western languages have
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255 two plural forms (one for ``n=1`` and one for ``n<>1``), Welsh has five
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256 different plural forms, while Hungarian only has one.
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257
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258 The ``gettext`` framework has long supported this via the ``ngettext()``
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259 family of functions. You specify two default messages, one singular and one
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260 plural, and the number of items. The translations however may contain any
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261 number of plural forms for the message, depending on how many are commonly
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262 used in the language. ``ngettext`` will choose the correct plural form of the
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263 translated message based on the specified number of items.
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264
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265 Genshi provides a variant of the ``i18n:msg`` directive described above that
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266 allows choosing the proper plural form based on some variable.
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267
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268 ``i18n:choose``, ``i18n:singular``, ``i18n:plural``
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269 ---------------------------------------------------
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270
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271 TODO
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272
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273 -------------------
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274 Translation Domains
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275 -------------------
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276
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277 ``i18n:domain``
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278 ---------------
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279
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280 TODO
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281
528
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282 Extraction
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283 ==========
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284
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285 The ``Translator`` class provides a class method called ``extract``, which is
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286 a generator yielding all localizable strings found in a template or markup
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287 stream. This includes both literal strings in text nodes and attribute values,
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288 as well as strings in ``gettext()`` calls in embedded Python code. See the API
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289 documentation for details on how to use this method directly.
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290
885
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291 -----------------
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292 Babel Integration
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293 -----------------
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294
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295 This functionality is integrated with the message extraction framework provided
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296 by the `Babel`_ project. Babel provides a command-line interface as well as
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297 commands that can be used from ``setup.py`` scripts using `Setuptools`_ or
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298 `Distutils`_.
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299
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300 .. _`setuptools`: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools
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301 .. _`distutils`: http://docs.python.org/dist/dist.html
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302
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303 The first thing you need to do to make Babel extract messages from Genshi
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304 templates is to let Babel know which files are Genshi templates. This is done
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305 using a “mapping configuration”, which can be stored in a configuration file,
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306 or specified directly in your ``setup.py``.
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307
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308 In a configuration file, the mapping may look like this:
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309
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310 .. code-block:: ini
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311
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312 # Python souce
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313 [python:**.py]
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314
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315 # Genshi templates
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316 [genshi:**/templates/**.html]
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317 include_attrs = title
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318
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319 [genshi:**/templates/**.txt]
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320 template_class = genshi.template.TextTemplate
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321 encoding = latin-1
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322
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323 Please consult the Babel documentation for details on configuration.
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324
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325 If all goes well, running the extraction with Babel should create a POT file
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326 containing the strings from your Genshi templates and your Python source files.
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327
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328
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329 ---------------------
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330 Configuration Options
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331 ---------------------
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332
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333 The Genshi extraction plugin for Babel supports the following options:
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334
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335 ``template_class``
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336 ------------------
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337 The concrete ``Template`` class that the file should be loaded with. Specify
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338 the package/module name and the class name, separated by a colon.
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339
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340 The default is to use ``genshi.template:MarkupTemplate``, and you'll want to
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341 set it to ``genshi.template:TextTemplate`` for `text templates`_.
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342
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343 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html
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344
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345 ``encoding``
594
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346 ------------
528
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347 The encoding of the template file. This is only used for text templates. The
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348 default is to assume “utf-8”.
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349
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350 ``include_attrs``
594
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351 -----------------
528
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352 Comma-separated list of attribute names that should be considered to have
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353 localizable values. Only used for markup templates.
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354
594
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355 ``ignore_tags``
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356 ---------------
528
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357 Comma-separated list of tag names that should be ignored. Only used for markup
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358 templates.
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359
594
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360 ``extract_text``
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361 ----------------
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362 Whether text outside explicit ``gettext`` function calls should be extracted.
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363 By default, any text nodes not inside ignored tags, and values of attribute in
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364 the ``include_attrs`` list are extracted. If this option is disabled, only
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365 strings in ``gettext`` function calls are extracted.
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366
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367 .. note:: If you disable this option, it's not necessary to add the translation
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368 filter as described above. You only need to make sure that the
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369 template has access to the ``gettext`` functions it uses.
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370
528
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371
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372 Translation
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373 ===========
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374
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375 If you have prepared MO files for use with Genshi using the appropriate tools,
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376 you can access the message catalogs with the `gettext Python module`_. You'll
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377 probably want to create a ``gettext.GNUTranslations`` instance, and make the
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378 translation functions it provides available to your templates by putting them
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379 in the template context.
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380
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381 The ``Translator`` filter needs to be added to the filters of the template
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382 (applying it as a stream filter will likely not have the desired effect).
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383 Furthermore it needs to be the first filter in the list, including the internal
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384 filters that Genshi adds itself:
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385
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386 .. code-block:: python
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387
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388 from genshi.filters import Translator
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389 from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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390
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391 template = MarkupTemplate("...")
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392 template.filters.insert(0, Translator(translations.ugettext))
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393
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394 If you're using `TemplateLoader`, you should specify a callback function in
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395 which you add the filter:
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396
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397 .. code-block:: python
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398
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399 from genshi.filters import Translator
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400 from genshi.template import TemplateLoader
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401
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402 def template_loaded(template):
885
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403 Translator(translations.ugettext).setup(template)
528
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404
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405 loader = TemplateLoader('templates', callback=template_loaded)
884
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406 template = loader.load('test.html')
528
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407
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408 This approach ensures that the filter is not added everytime the template is
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409 loaded, and thus being applied multiple times.
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410
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411
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412 Related Considerations
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413 ======================
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414
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415 If you intend to produce an application that is fully prepared for an
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416 international audience, there are a couple of other things to keep in mind:
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417
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418 -------
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419 Unicode
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420 -------
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421
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422 Use ``unicode`` internally, not encoded bytestrings. Only encode/decode where
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423 data enters or exits the system. This means that your code works with characters
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424 and not just with bytes, which is an important distinction for example when
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425 calculating the length of a piece of text. When you need to decode/encode, it's
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426 probably a good idea to use UTF-8.
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427
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428 -------------
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429 Date and Time
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430 -------------
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431
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432 If your application uses datetime information that should be displayed to users
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433 in different timezones, you should try to work with UTC (universal time)
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434 internally. Do the conversion from and to "local time" when the data enters or
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435 exits the system. Make use the Python `datetime`_ module and the third-party
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436 `pytz`_ package.
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437
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438 --------------------------
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439 Formatting and Locale Data
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440 --------------------------
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441
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442 Make sure you check out the functionality provided by the `Babel`_ project for
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443 things like number and date formatting, locale display strings, etc.
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444
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445 .. _`datetime`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-datetime.html
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446 .. _`pytz`: http://pytz.sourceforge.net/
Copyright (C) 2012-2017 Edgewall Software