annotate doc/xml-templates.txt @ 694:812671b40022

Match templates are now applied in a more controlled fashion: in the order they are declared in the template source, all match templates up to (and including) the matching template itself are applied to the matched content, whereas the match templates declared after the matching template are only applied to the generated content. Fixes #186. Many thanks to Matt Chaput for reporting the problem and providing a test case.
author cmlenz
date Wed, 26 Mar 2008 22:10:36 +0000
parents 69b3b6ca968b
children 8d079cee6822
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 ============================
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4 Genshi XML Template Language
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5 ============================
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6
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7 Genshi provides a XML-based template language that is heavily inspired by Kid_,
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8 which in turn was inspired by a number of existing template languages, namely
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9 XSLT_, TAL_, and PHP_.
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10
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11 .. _kid: http://kid-templating.org/
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12 .. _python: http://www.python.org/
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13 .. _xslt: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt
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14 .. _tal: http://www.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TAL
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15 .. _php: http://www.php.net/
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16
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17 This document describes the template language and will be most useful as
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18 reference to those developing Genshi XML templates. Templates are XML files of
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19 some kind (such as XHTML) that include processing directives_ (elements or
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20 attributes identified by a separate namespace) that affect how the template is
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21 rendered, and template expressions that are dynamically substituted by
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22 variable data.
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23
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24 See `Genshi Templating Basics <templates.html>`_ for general information on
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25 embedding Python code in templates.
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26
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27
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28 .. contents:: Contents
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29 :depth: 3
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30 .. sectnum::
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31
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32
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33 .. _`directives`:
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34
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35 -------------------
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36 Template Directives
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37 -------------------
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38
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39 Directives are elements and/or attributes in the template that are identified
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40 by the namespace ``http://genshi.edgewall.org/``. They can affect how the
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41 template is rendered in a number of ways: Genshi provides directives for
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42 conditionals and looping, among others.
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43
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44 To use directives in a template, the namespace must be declared, which is
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45 usually done on the root element:
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46
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47 .. code-block:: genshi
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48
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49 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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50 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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51 lang="en">
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52 ...
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53 </html>
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54
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55 In this example, the default namespace is set to the XHTML namespace, and the
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56 namespace for Genshi directives is bound to the prefix “py”.
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57
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58 All directives can be applied as attributes, and some can also be used as
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59 elements. The ``if`` directives for conditionals, for example, can be used in
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60 both ways:
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61
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62 .. code-block:: genshi
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63
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64 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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65 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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66 lang="en">
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67 ...
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68 <div py:if="foo">
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69 <p>Bar</p>
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70 </div>
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71 ...
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72 </html>
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73
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74 This is basically equivalent to the following:
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75
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76 .. code-block:: genshi
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77
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78 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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79 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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80 lang="en">
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81 ...
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82 <py:if test="foo">
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83 <div>
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84 <p>Bar</p>
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85 </div>
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86 </py:if>
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87 ...
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88 </html>
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89
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90 The rationale behind the second form is that directives do not always map
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91 naturally to elements in the template. In such cases, the ``py:strip``
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92 directive can be used to strip off the unwanted element, or the directive can
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93 simply be used as an element.
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94
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95
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96 Conditional Sections
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97 ====================
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98
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99 .. _`py:if`:
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100
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101 ``py:if``
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102 ---------
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103
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104 The element is only rendered if the expression evaluates to a truth value:
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105
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106 .. code-block:: genshi
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107
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108 <div>
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109 <b py:if="foo">${bar}</b>
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110 </div>
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111
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112 Given the data ``foo=True`` and ``bar='Hello'`` in the template context, this
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113 would produce:
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114
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115 .. code-block:: xml
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116
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117 <div>
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118 <b>Hello</b>
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119 </div>
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120
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121 This directive can also be used as an element:
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122
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123 .. code-block:: genshi
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124
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125 <div>
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126 <py:if test="foo">
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127 <b>${bar}</b>
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128 </py:if>
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129 </div>
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130
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131 .. _`py:choose`:
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132 .. _`py:when`:
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133 .. _`py:otherwise`:
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134
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135 ``py:choose``
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136 -------------
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137
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138 The ``py:choose`` directive, in combination with the directives ``py:when``
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139 and ``py:otherwise`` provides advanced conditional processing for rendering one
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140 of several alternatives. The first matching ``py:when`` branch is rendered, or,
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141 if no ``py:when`` branch matches, the ``py:otherwise`` branch is rendered.
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142
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143 If the ``py:choose`` directive is empty the nested ``py:when`` directives will
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144 be tested for truth:
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145
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146 .. code-block:: genshi
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147
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148 <div py:choose="">
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149 <span py:when="0 == 1">0</span>
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150 <span py:when="1 == 1">1</span>
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151 <span py:otherwise="">2</span>
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152 </div>
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153
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154 This would produce the following output:
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155
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156 .. code-block:: xml
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157
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158 <div>
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159 <span>1</span>
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160 </div>
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161
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162 If the ``py:choose`` directive contains an expression the nested ``py:when``
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163 directives will be tested for equality to the parent ``py:choose`` value:
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164
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165 .. code-block:: genshi
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166
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167 <div py:choose="1">
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168 <span py:when="0">0</span>
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169 <span py:when="1">1</span>
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170 <span py:otherwise="">2</span>
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171 </div>
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172
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173 This would produce the following output:
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174
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175 .. code-block:: xml
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176
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177 <div>
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178 <span>1</span>
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179 </div>
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180
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181
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182 Looping
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183 =======
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184
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185 .. _`py:for`:
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186
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187 ``py:for``
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188 ----------
235
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189
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190 The element is repeated for every item in an iterable:
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191
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192 .. code-block:: genshi
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193
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194 <ul>
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195 <li py:for="item in items">${item}</li>
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196 </ul>
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197
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198 Given ``items=[1, 2, 3]`` in the context data, this would produce:
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199
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200 .. code-block:: xml
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201
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202 <ul>
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203 <li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li>
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204 </ul>
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205
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206 This directive can also be used as an element:
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207
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208 .. code-block:: genshi
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209
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210 <ul>
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211 <py:for each="item in items">
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212 <li>${item}</li>
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213 </py:for>
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214 </ul>
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215
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216
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217 Snippet Reuse
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218 =============
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219
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220 .. _`py:def`:
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221 .. _`macros`:
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222
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223 ``py:def``
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224 ----------
226
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225
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226 The ``py:def`` directive can be used to create macros, i.e. snippets of
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227 template code that have a name and optionally some parameters, and that can be
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228 inserted in other places:
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229
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230 .. code-block:: genshi
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231
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232 <div>
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233 <p py:def="greeting(name)" class="greeting">
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234 Hello, ${name}!
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235 </p>
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236 ${greeting('world')}
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237 ${greeting('everyone else')}
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238 </div>
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239
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240 The above would be rendered to:
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241
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242 .. code-block:: xml
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243
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244 <div>
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245 <p class="greeting">
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246 Hello, world!
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247 </p>
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248 <p class="greeting">
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249 Hello, everyone else!
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250 </p>
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251 </div>
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252
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253 If a macro doesn't require parameters, it can be defined without the
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254 parenthesis. For example:
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255
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256 .. code-block:: genshi
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257
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258 <div>
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259 <p py:def="greeting" class="greeting">
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260 Hello, world!
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261 </p>
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262 ${greeting()}
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263 </div>
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264
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265 The above would be rendered to:
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266
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267 .. code-block:: xml
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268
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269 <div>
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270 <p class="greeting">
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271 Hello, world!
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272 </p>
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273 </div>
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274
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275 This directive can also be used as an element:
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276
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277 .. code-block:: genshi
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278
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279 <div>
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280 <py:def function="greeting(name)">
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281 <p class="greeting">Hello, ${name}!</p>
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282 </py:def>
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283 </div>
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284
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285
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286 .. _Match Templates:
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287 .. _`py:match`:
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288
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289 ``py:match``
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290 ------------
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291
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292 This directive defines a *match template*: given an XPath expression, it
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293 replaces any element in the template that matches the expression with its own
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294 content.
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295
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296 For example, the match template defined in the following template matches any
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297 element with the tag name “greeting”:
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298
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299 .. code-block:: genshi
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300
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301 <div>
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302 <span py:match="greeting">
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303 Hello ${select('@name')}
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304 </span>
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305 <greeting name="Dude" />
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306 </div>
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307
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308 This would result in the following output:
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309
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310 .. code-block:: xml
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311
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312 <div>
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313 <span>
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314 Hello Dude
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315 </span>
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316 </div>
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317
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318 Inside the body of a ``py:match`` directive, the ``select(path)`` function is
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319 made available so that parts or all of the original element can be incorporated
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320 in the output of the match template. See `Using XPath`_ for more information
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321 about this function.
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322
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323 .. _`Using XPath`: streams.html#using-xpath
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324
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325 Match templates are applied both to the original markup as well to the
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326 generated markup. The order in which they are applied depends on the order
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327 they are declared in the template source: a match template defined after
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328 another match template is applied to the output generated by the first match
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329 template. The match templates basically form a pipeline.
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330
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331 This directive can also be used as an element:
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332
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333 .. code-block:: genshi
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334
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335 <div>
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336 <py:match path="greeting">
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337 <span>Hello ${select('@name')}</span>
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338 </py:match>
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339 <greeting name="Dude" />
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340 </div>
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341
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342 When used this way, the ``py:match`` directive can also be annotated with a
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343 couple of optimization hints. For example, the following informs the matching
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344 engine that the match should only be applied once:
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345
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346 .. code-block:: genshi
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347
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348 <py:match path="body" once="true">
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349 <body py:attrs="select('@*')">
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350 <div id="header">...</div>
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351 ${select("*|text()")}
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352 <div id="footer">...</div>
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353 </body>
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354 </py:match>
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355
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356 The following optimization hints are recognized:
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357
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358 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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359 | Attribute | Default | Description |
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360 +===============+===========+===============================================+
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361 | ``once`` | ``false`` | Whether the engine should stop looking for |
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362 | | | more matching elements after the first match. |
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363 | | | Use this on match templates that match |
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364 | | | elements that can only occur once in the |
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365 | | | stream, such as the ``<head>`` or ``<body>`` |
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366 | | | elements in an HTML template, or elements |
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367 | | | with a specific ID. |
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368 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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369 | ``recursive`` | ``true`` | Whether the match template should be applied |
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370 | | | to its own output. Note that ``once`` implies |
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371 | | | non-recursive behavior, so this attribute |
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372 | | | only needs to be set for match templates that |
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373 | | | don't also have ``once`` set. |
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374 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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375
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376 .. note:: The ``py:match`` optimization hints were added in the 0.5 release. In
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377 earlier versions, the attributes have no effect.
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378
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379
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380 Variable Binding
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381 ================
226
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382
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383 .. _`with`:
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384
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385 ``py:with``
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386 -----------
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387
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388 The ``py:with`` directive lets you assign expressions to variables, which can
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389 be used to make expressions inside the directive less verbose and more
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390 efficient. For example, if you need use the expression ``author.posts`` more
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391 than once, and that actually results in a database query, assigning the results
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392 to a variable using this directive would probably help.
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393
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394 For example:
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395
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396 .. code-block:: genshi
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397
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398 <div>
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399 <span py:with="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</span>
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400 </div>
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401
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402 Given ``x=42`` in the context data, this would produce:
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403
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404 .. code-block:: xml
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405
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406 <div>
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407 <span>42 7 52</span>
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408 </div>
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409
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410 This directive can also be used as an element:
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411
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412 .. code-block:: genshi
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413
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414 <div>
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415 <py:with vars="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</py:with>
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416 </div>
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417
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418 Note that if a variable of the same name already existed outside of the scope
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419 of the ``py:with`` directive, it will **not** be overwritten. Instead, it
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420 will have the same value it had prior to the ``py:with`` assignment.
230
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421 Effectively, this means that variables are immutable in Genshi.
226
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422
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423
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424 Structure Manipulation
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425 ======================
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426
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427 .. _`py:attrs`:
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428
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429 ``py:attrs``
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430 ------------
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431
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432 This directive adds, modifies or removes attributes from the element:
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433
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434 .. code-block:: genshi
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435
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436 <ul>
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437 <li py:attrs="foo">Bar</li>
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438 </ul>
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439
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440 Given ``foo={'class': 'collapse'}`` in the template context, this would
510
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441 produce:
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442
612
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443 .. code-block:: xml
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444
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445 <ul>
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446 <li class="collapse">Bar</li>
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447 </ul>
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448
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449 Attributes with the value ``None`` are omitted, so given ``foo={'class': None}``
510
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450 in the context for the same template this would produce:
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451
612
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452 .. code-block:: xml
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453
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454 <ul>
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455 <li>Bar</li>
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456 </ul>
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457
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458 This directive can only be used as an attribute.
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459
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460
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461 .. _`py:content`:
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462
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463 ``py:content``
237
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464 --------------
235
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465
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466 This directive replaces any nested content with the result of evaluating the
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467 expression:
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468
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469 .. code-block:: genshi
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470
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471 <ul>
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472 <li py:content="bar">Hello</li>
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473 </ul>
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474
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475 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce:
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476
612
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477 .. code-block:: xml
235
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478
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479 <ul>
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480 <li>Bye</li>
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481 </ul>
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482
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483 This directive can only be used as an attribute.
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484
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485
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486 .. _`py:replace`:
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487
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488 ``py:replace``
237
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489 --------------
235
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490
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491 This directive replaces the element itself with the result of evaluating the
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492 expression:
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493
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494 .. code-block:: genshi
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495
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496 <div>
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497 <span py:replace="bar">Hello</span>
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498 </div>
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499
510
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500 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce:
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501
612
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502 .. code-block:: xml
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503
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504 <div>
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505 Bye
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506 </div>
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507
657
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508 This directive can also be used as an element (since version 0.5):
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509
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510 .. code-block:: genshi
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511
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512 <div>
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513 <py:replace value="title">Placeholder</py:replace>
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514 </div>
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515
235
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516
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517
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518 .. _`py:strip`:
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519
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520 ``py:strip``
237
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521 ------------
235
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522
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523 This directive conditionally strips the top-level element from the output. When
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524 the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute evaluates to ``True``, the element is
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525 stripped from the output:
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526
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527 .. code-block:: genshi
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528
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529 <div>
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530 <div py:strip="True"><b>foo</b></div>
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531 </div>
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532
510
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533 This would be rendered as:
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534
612
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parents: 610
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535 .. code-block:: xml
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536
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537 <div>
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538 <b>foo</b>
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539 </div>
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540
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541 As a shorthand, if the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute is empty, that has
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542 the same effect as using a truth value (i.e. the element is stripped).
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543
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544
226
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545 .. _order:
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546
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547 Processing Order
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548 ================
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549
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550 It is possible to attach multiple directives to a single element, although not
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cmlenz
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551 all combinations make sense. When multiple directives are encountered, they are
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552 processed in the following order:
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553
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554 #. `py:def`_
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555 #. `py:match`_
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556 #. `py:when`_
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557 #. `py:otherwise`_
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558 #. `py:for`_
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559 #. `py:if`_
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560 #. `py:choose`_
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561 #. `py:with`_
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562 #. `py:replace`_
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563 #. `py:content`_
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564 #. `py:attrs`_
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565 #. `py:strip`_
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566
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567
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568 .. _includes:
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569
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570 --------
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571 Includes
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572 --------
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573
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574 To reuse common snippets of template code, you can include other files using
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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575 XInclude_.
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576
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577 .. _xinclude: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/
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578
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579 For this, you need to declare the XInclude namespace (commonly bound to the
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580 prefix “xi”) and use the ``<xi:include>`` element where you want the external
510
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diff changeset
581 file to be pulled in:
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582
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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583 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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584
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585 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
230
24757b771651 Renamed Markup to Genshi in repository.
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586 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
226
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587 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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588 <xi:include href="base.html" />
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589 ...
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590 </html>
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591
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592 Include paths are relative to the filename of the template currently being
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593 processed. So if the example above was in the file "``myapp/index.html``"
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594 (relative to the template search path), the XInclude processor would look for
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595 the included file at "``myapp/base.html``". You can also use Unix-style
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596 relative paths, for example "``../base.html``" to look in the parent directory.
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597
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598 Any content included this way is inserted into the generated output instead of
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599 the ``<xi:include>`` element. The included template sees the same context data.
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600 `Match templates`_ and `macros`_ in the included template are also available to
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601 the including template after the point it was included.
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602
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603 By default, an error will be raised if an included file is not found. If that's
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604 not what you want, you can specify fallback content that should be used if the
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605 include fails. For example, to to make the include above fail silently, you'd
510
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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diff changeset
606 write:
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607
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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608 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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609
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610 <xi:include href="base.html"><xi:fallback /></xi:include>
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611
273
4afa86e2ad83 Small doc fix.
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612 See the `XInclude specification`_ for more about fallback content. Note though
4afa86e2ad83 Small doc fix.
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613 that Genshi currently only supports a small subset of XInclude.
4afa86e2ad83 Small doc fix.
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614
4afa86e2ad83 Small doc fix.
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615 .. _`xinclude specification`: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/
226
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616
610
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
617
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
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618 Dynamic Includes
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
619 ================
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
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diff changeset
620
230
24757b771651 Renamed Markup to Genshi in repository.
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diff changeset
621 Incudes in Genshi are fully dynamic: Just like normal attributes, the `href`
442
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
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622 attribute accepts expressions, and directives_ can be used on the
226
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623 ``<xi:include />`` element just as on any other element, meaning you can do
510
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diff changeset
624 things like conditional includes:
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625
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626 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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627
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628 <xi:include href="${name}.html" py:if="not in_popup"
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629 py:for="name in ('foo', 'bar', 'baz')" />
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630
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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631
610
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
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diff changeset
632 Including Text Templates
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
633 ========================
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
634
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
635 The ``parse`` attribute of the ``<xi:include>`` element can be used to specify
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
636 whether the included template is an XML template or a text template (using the
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
637 new syntax added in Genshi 0.5):
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
638
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
639 .. code-block:: genshi
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
640
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
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diff changeset
641 <xi:include href="myscript.js" parse="text" />
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
642
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
643 This example would load the ``myscript.js`` file as a ``NewTextTemplate``. See
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
644 `text templates`_ for details on the syntax of text templates.
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
645
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
646 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
647
6a37018199fd * XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents: 602
diff changeset
648
226
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649 .. _comments:
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650
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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651 --------
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cmlenz
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652 Comments
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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653 --------
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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654
510
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parents: 451
diff changeset
655 Normal XML/HTML comment syntax can be used in templates:
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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diff changeset
656
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657 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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658
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659 <!-- this is a comment -->
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
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diff changeset
660
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
cmlenz
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diff changeset
661 However, such comments get passed through the processing pipeline and are by
09f869a98149 Add reStructuredText documentation files.
cmlenz
parents:
diff changeset
662 default included in the final output. If that's not desired, prefix the comment
510
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents: 451
diff changeset
663 text with an exclamation mark:
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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diff changeset
664
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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665 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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666
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667 <!-- !this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output -->
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668
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cmlenz
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diff changeset
669 Note that it does not matter whether there's whitespace before or after the
510
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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parents: 451
diff changeset
670 exclamation mark, so the above could also be written as follows:
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parents: 451
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671
ca7d707d51b0 Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
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672 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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673
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674 <!--! this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output -->
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