Mercurial > genshi > genshi-test
annotate doc/xml-templates.txt @ 721:15c31c0e0df4
Properly wrap exceptions we want to catch.
Submitted by: Armin Ronacher
author | jruigrok |
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date | Thu, 17 Apr 2008 14:50:21 +0000 |
parents | 8d079cee6822 |
children | e695f9763a03 |
rev | line source |
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226 | 1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*- |
2 | |
3 ============================ | |
230 | 4 Genshi XML Template Language |
226 | 5 ============================ |
6 | |
241
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7 Genshi provides a XML-based template language that is heavily inspired by Kid_, |
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8 which in turn was inspired by a number of existing template languages, namely |
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9 XSLT_, TAL_, and PHP_. |
226 | 10 |
11 .. _kid: http://kid-templating.org/ | |
12 .. _python: http://www.python.org/ | |
13 .. _xslt: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt | |
14 .. _tal: http://www.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TAL | |
15 .. _php: http://www.php.net/ | |
16 | |
17 This document describes the template language and will be most useful as | |
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18 reference to those developing Genshi XML templates. Templates are XML files of |
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19 some kind (such as XHTML) that include processing directives_ (elements or |
226 | 20 attributes identified by a separate namespace) that affect how the template is |
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21 rendered, and template expressions that are dynamically substituted by |
226 | 22 variable data. |
23 | |
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24 See `Genshi Templating Basics <templates.html>`_ for general information on |
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25 embedding Python code in templates. |
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26 |
226 | 27 |
28 .. contents:: Contents | |
29 :depth: 3 | |
30 .. sectnum:: | |
31 | |
32 | |
33 .. _`directives`: | |
34 | |
35 ------------------- | |
36 Template Directives | |
37 ------------------- | |
38 | |
39 Directives are elements and/or attributes in the template that are identified | |
230 | 40 by the namespace ``http://genshi.edgewall.org/``. They can affect how the |
41 template is rendered in a number of ways: Genshi provides directives for | |
226 | 42 conditionals and looping, among others. |
43 | |
394 | 44 To use directives in a template, the namespace must be declared, which is |
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45 usually done on the root element: |
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46 |
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47 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 48 |
49 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" | |
230 | 50 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/" |
226 | 51 lang="en"> |
52 ... | |
53 </html> | |
54 | |
55 In this example, the default namespace is set to the XHTML namespace, and the | |
230 | 56 namespace for Genshi directives is bound to the prefix “py”. |
226 | 57 |
58 All directives can be applied as attributes, and some can also be used as | |
59 elements. The ``if`` directives for conditionals, for example, can be used in | |
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60 both ways: |
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61 |
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62 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 63 |
64 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" | |
230 | 65 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/" |
226 | 66 lang="en"> |
67 ... | |
68 <div py:if="foo"> | |
69 <p>Bar</p> | |
70 </div> | |
71 ... | |
72 </html> | |
73 | |
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74 This is basically equivalent to the following: |
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75 |
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76 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 77 |
78 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" | |
230 | 79 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/" |
226 | 80 lang="en"> |
81 ... | |
82 <py:if test="foo"> | |
83 <div> | |
84 <p>Bar</p> | |
85 </div> | |
86 </py:if> | |
87 ... | |
88 </html> | |
89 | |
90 The rationale behind the second form is that directives do not always map | |
91 naturally to elements in the template. In such cases, the ``py:strip`` | |
92 directive can be used to strip off the unwanted element, or the directive can | |
93 simply be used as an element. | |
94 | |
95 | |
237 | 96 Conditional Sections |
226 | 97 ==================== |
98 | |
235 | 99 .. _`py:if`: |
226 | 100 |
235 | 101 ``py:if`` |
237 | 102 --------- |
226 | 103 |
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104 The element is only rendered if the expression evaluates to a truth value: |
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105 |
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106 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 107 |
235 | 108 <div> |
109 <b py:if="foo">${bar}</b> | |
110 </div> | |
226 | 111 |
235 | 112 Given the data ``foo=True`` and ``bar='Hello'`` in the template context, this |
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113 would produce: |
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114 |
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115 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 116 |
117 <div> | |
118 <b>Hello</b> | |
119 </div> | |
120 | |
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121 This directive can also be used as an element: |
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122 |
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123 .. code-block:: genshi |
235 | 124 |
125 <div> | |
126 <py:if test="foo"> | |
127 <b>${bar}</b> | |
128 </py:if> | |
129 </div> | |
226 | 130 |
131 .. _`py:choose`: | |
132 .. _`py:when`: | |
133 .. _`py:otherwise`: | |
134 | |
237 | 135 ``py:choose`` |
136 ------------- | |
226 | 137 |
237 | 138 The ``py:choose`` directive, in combination with the directives ``py:when`` |
404 | 139 and ``py:otherwise`` provides advanced conditional processing for rendering one |
226 | 140 of several alternatives. The first matching ``py:when`` branch is rendered, or, |
404 | 141 if no ``py:when`` branch matches, the ``py:otherwise`` branch is rendered. |
226 | 142 |
143 If the ``py:choose`` directive is empty the nested ``py:when`` directives will | |
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144 be tested for truth: |
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145 |
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146 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 147 |
148 <div py:choose=""> | |
149 <span py:when="0 == 1">0</span> | |
150 <span py:when="1 == 1">1</span> | |
151 <span py:otherwise="">2</span> | |
152 </div> | |
153 | |
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154 This would produce the following output: |
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155 |
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156 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 157 |
158 <div> | |
159 <span>1</span> | |
160 </div> | |
161 | |
162 If the ``py:choose`` directive contains an expression the nested ``py:when`` | |
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163 directives will be tested for equality to the parent ``py:choose`` value: |
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164 |
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165 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 166 |
167 <div py:choose="1"> | |
168 <span py:when="0">0</span> | |
169 <span py:when="1">1</span> | |
170 <span py:otherwise="">2</span> | |
171 </div> | |
172 | |
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173 This would produce the following output: |
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174 |
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175 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 176 |
177 <div> | |
178 <span>1</span> | |
179 </div> | |
180 | |
181 | |
235 | 182 Looping |
237 | 183 ======= |
226 | 184 |
235 | 185 .. _`py:for`: |
226 | 186 |
235 | 187 ``py:for`` |
237 | 188 ---------- |
235 | 189 |
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190 The element is repeated for every item in an iterable: |
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191 |
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192 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 193 |
194 <ul> | |
235 | 195 <li py:for="item in items">${item}</li> |
226 | 196 </ul> |
197 | |
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198 Given ``items=[1, 2, 3]`` in the context data, this would produce: |
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199 |
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200 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 201 |
202 <ul> | |
235 | 203 <li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li> |
226 | 204 </ul> |
205 | |
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206 This directive can also be used as an element: |
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207 |
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208 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 209 |
235 | 210 <ul> |
211 <py:for each="item in items"> | |
212 <li>${item}</li> | |
213 </py:for> | |
214 </ul> | |
215 | |
216 | |
217 Snippet Reuse | |
237 | 218 ============= |
226 | 219 |
220 .. _`py:def`: | |
221 .. _`macros`: | |
222 | |
223 ``py:def`` | |
237 | 224 ---------- |
226 | 225 |
226 The ``py:def`` directive can be used to create macros, i.e. snippets of | |
227 template code that have a name and optionally some parameters, and that can be | |
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228 inserted in other places: |
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229 |
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230 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 231 |
232 <div> | |
233 <p py:def="greeting(name)" class="greeting"> | |
234 Hello, ${name}! | |
235 </p> | |
236 ${greeting('world')} | |
237 ${greeting('everyone else')} | |
238 </div> | |
239 | |
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240 The above would be rendered to: |
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241 |
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242 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 243 |
244 <div> | |
245 <p class="greeting"> | |
246 Hello, world! | |
247 </p> | |
248 <p class="greeting"> | |
249 Hello, everyone else! | |
250 </p> | |
251 </div> | |
252 | |
394 | 253 If a macro doesn't require parameters, it can be defined without the |
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254 parenthesis. For example: |
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255 |
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256 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 257 |
258 <div> | |
259 <p py:def="greeting" class="greeting"> | |
260 Hello, world! | |
261 </p> | |
394 | 262 ${greeting()} |
226 | 263 </div> |
264 | |
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265 The above would be rendered to: |
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266 |
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267 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 268 |
269 <div> | |
270 <p class="greeting"> | |
271 Hello, world! | |
272 </p> | |
273 </div> | |
274 | |
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275 This directive can also be used as an element: |
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276 |
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277 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 278 |
279 <div> | |
280 <py:def function="greeting(name)"> | |
281 <p class="greeting">Hello, ${name}!</p> | |
282 </py:def> | |
283 </div> | |
284 | |
285 | |
235 | 286 .. _Match Templates: |
226 | 287 .. _`py:match`: |
288 | |
289 ``py:match`` | |
237 | 290 ------------ |
226 | 291 |
292 This directive defines a *match template*: given an XPath expression, it | |
293 replaces any element in the template that matches the expression with its own | |
294 content. | |
295 | |
296 For example, the match template defined in the following template matches any | |
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297 element with the tag name “greeting”: |
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298 |
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299 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 300 |
301 <div> | |
302 <span py:match="greeting"> | |
303 Hello ${select('@name')} | |
304 </span> | |
305 <greeting name="Dude" /> | |
306 </div> | |
307 | |
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308 This would result in the following output: |
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309 |
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310 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 311 |
312 <div> | |
313 <span> | |
314 Hello Dude | |
315 </span> | |
316 </div> | |
317 | |
318 Inside the body of a ``py:match`` directive, the ``select(path)`` function is | |
319 made available so that parts or all of the original element can be incorporated | |
451 | 320 in the output of the match template. See `Using XPath`_ for more information |
321 about this function. | |
322 | |
323 .. _`Using XPath`: streams.html#using-xpath | |
226 | 324 |
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325 Match templates are applied both to the original markup as well to the |
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326 generated markup. The order in which they are applied depends on the order |
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327 they are declared in the template source: a match template defined after |
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328 another match template is applied to the output generated by the first match |
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329 template. The match templates basically form a pipeline. |
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330 |
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331 This directive can also be used as an element: |
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332 |
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333 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 334 |
335 <div> | |
336 <py:match path="greeting"> | |
337 <span>Hello ${select('@name')}</span> | |
338 </py:match> | |
339 <greeting name="Dude" /> | |
340 </div> | |
341 | |
602 | 342 When used this way, the ``py:match`` directive can also be annotated with a |
343 couple of optimization hints. For example, the following informs the matching | |
344 engine that the match should only be applied once: | |
345 | |
346 .. code-block:: genshi | |
347 | |
348 <py:match path="body" once="true"> | |
349 <body py:attrs="select('@*')"> | |
350 <div id="header">...</div> | |
351 ${select("*|text()")} | |
352 <div id="footer">...</div> | |
353 </body> | |
354 </py:match> | |
355 | |
356 The following optimization hints are recognized: | |
357 | |
358 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+ | |
359 | Attribute | Default | Description | | |
360 +===============+===========+===============================================+ | |
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361 | ``buffer`` | ``true`` | Whether the matched content should be | |
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362 | | | buffered in memory. Buffering can improve | |
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363 | | | performance a bit at the cost of needing more | |
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364 | | | memory during rendering. Buffering is | |
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365 | | | ''required'' for match templates that contain | |
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366 | | | more than one invocation of the ``select()`` | |
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367 | | | function. If there is only one call, and the | |
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368 | | | matched content can potentially be very long, | |
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369 | | | consider disabling buffering to avoid | |
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370 | | | excessive memory use. | |
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371 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+ |
602 | 372 | ``once`` | ``false`` | Whether the engine should stop looking for | |
373 | | | more matching elements after the first match. | | |
374 | | | Use this on match templates that match | | |
375 | | | elements that can only occur once in the | | |
376 | | | stream, such as the ``<head>`` or ``<body>`` | | |
377 | | | elements in an HTML template, or elements | | |
378 | | | with a specific ID. | | |
379 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+ | |
380 | ``recursive`` | ``true`` | Whether the match template should be applied | | |
381 | | | to its own output. Note that ``once`` implies | | |
382 | | | non-recursive behavior, so this attribute | | |
383 | | | only needs to be set for match templates that | | |
384 | | | don't also have ``once`` set. | | |
385 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+ | |
386 | |
387 .. note:: The ``py:match`` optimization hints were added in the 0.5 release. In | |
388 earlier versions, the attributes have no effect. | |
389 | |
226 | 390 |
235 | 391 Variable Binding |
237 | 392 ================ |
226 | 393 |
394 .. _`with`: | |
395 | |
396 ``py:with`` | |
237 | 397 ----------- |
226 | 398 |
399 The ``py:with`` directive lets you assign expressions to variables, which can | |
400 be used to make expressions inside the directive less verbose and more | |
401 efficient. For example, if you need use the expression ``author.posts`` more | |
402 than once, and that actually results in a database query, assigning the results | |
403 to a variable using this directive would probably help. | |
404 | |
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405 For example: |
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406 |
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407 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 408 |
409 <div> | |
410 <span py:with="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</span> | |
411 </div> | |
412 | |
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413 Given ``x=42`` in the context data, this would produce: |
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414 |
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415 .. code-block:: xml |
226 | 416 |
417 <div> | |
418 <span>42 7 52</span> | |
419 </div> | |
420 | |
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421 This directive can also be used as an element: |
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422 |
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423 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 424 |
425 <div> | |
426 <py:with vars="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</py:with> | |
427 </div> | |
428 | |
429 Note that if a variable of the same name already existed outside of the scope | |
430 of the ``py:with`` directive, it will **not** be overwritten. Instead, it | |
431 will have the same value it had prior to the ``py:with`` assignment. | |
230 | 432 Effectively, this means that variables are immutable in Genshi. |
226 | 433 |
434 | |
235 | 435 Structure Manipulation |
237 | 436 ====================== |
235 | 437 |
438 .. _`py:attrs`: | |
439 | |
440 ``py:attrs`` | |
237 | 441 ------------ |
235 | 442 |
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443 This directive adds, modifies or removes attributes from the element: |
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444 |
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445 .. code-block:: genshi |
235 | 446 |
447 <ul> | |
448 <li py:attrs="foo">Bar</li> | |
449 </ul> | |
450 | |
451 Given ``foo={'class': 'collapse'}`` in the template context, this would | |
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452 produce: |
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453 |
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454 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 455 |
456 <ul> | |
457 <li class="collapse">Bar</li> | |
458 </ul> | |
459 | |
460 Attributes with the value ``None`` are omitted, so given ``foo={'class': None}`` | |
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461 in the context for the same template this would produce: |
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462 |
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463 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 464 |
465 <ul> | |
466 <li>Bar</li> | |
467 </ul> | |
468 | |
469 This directive can only be used as an attribute. | |
470 | |
471 | |
472 .. _`py:content`: | |
473 | |
474 ``py:content`` | |
237 | 475 -------------- |
235 | 476 |
477 This directive replaces any nested content with the result of evaluating the | |
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478 expression: |
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479 |
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480 .. code-block:: genshi |
235 | 481 |
482 <ul> | |
483 <li py:content="bar">Hello</li> | |
484 </ul> | |
485 | |
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486 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce: |
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487 |
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488 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 489 |
490 <ul> | |
491 <li>Bye</li> | |
492 </ul> | |
493 | |
494 This directive can only be used as an attribute. | |
495 | |
496 | |
497 .. _`py:replace`: | |
498 | |
499 ``py:replace`` | |
237 | 500 -------------- |
235 | 501 |
502 This directive replaces the element itself with the result of evaluating the | |
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503 expression: |
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504 |
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505 .. code-block:: genshi |
235 | 506 |
507 <div> | |
508 <span py:replace="bar">Hello</span> | |
509 </div> | |
510 | |
510
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511 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce: |
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512 |
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513 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 514 |
515 <div> | |
516 Bye | |
517 </div> | |
518 | |
657 | 519 This directive can also be used as an element (since version 0.5): |
520 | |
521 .. code-block:: genshi | |
522 | |
523 <div> | |
524 <py:replace value="title">Placeholder</py:replace> | |
525 </div> | |
526 | |
235 | 527 |
528 | |
529 .. _`py:strip`: | |
530 | |
531 ``py:strip`` | |
237 | 532 ------------ |
235 | 533 |
534 This directive conditionally strips the top-level element from the output. When | |
535 the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute evaluates to ``True``, the element is | |
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536 stripped from the output: |
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537 |
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538 .. code-block:: genshi |
235 | 539 |
540 <div> | |
541 <div py:strip="True"><b>foo</b></div> | |
542 </div> | |
543 | |
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544 This would be rendered as: |
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545 |
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546 .. code-block:: xml |
235 | 547 |
548 <div> | |
549 <b>foo</b> | |
550 </div> | |
551 | |
552 As a shorthand, if the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute is empty, that has | |
553 the same effect as using a truth value (i.e. the element is stripped). | |
554 | |
555 | |
226 | 556 .. _order: |
557 | |
558 Processing Order | |
559 ================ | |
560 | |
561 It is possible to attach multiple directives to a single element, although not | |
562 all combinations make sense. When multiple directives are encountered, they are | |
563 processed in the following order: | |
564 | |
565 #. `py:def`_ | |
566 #. `py:match`_ | |
567 #. `py:when`_ | |
568 #. `py:otherwise`_ | |
569 #. `py:for`_ | |
570 #. `py:if`_ | |
571 #. `py:choose`_ | |
572 #. `py:with`_ | |
573 #. `py:replace`_ | |
574 #. `py:content`_ | |
575 #. `py:attrs`_ | |
576 #. `py:strip`_ | |
577 | |
578 | |
579 .. _includes: | |
580 | |
581 -------- | |
582 Includes | |
583 -------- | |
584 | |
585 To reuse common snippets of template code, you can include other files using | |
586 XInclude_. | |
587 | |
588 .. _xinclude: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/ | |
589 | |
590 For this, you need to declare the XInclude namespace (commonly bound to the | |
591 prefix “xi”) and use the ``<xi:include>`` element where you want the external | |
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592 file to be pulled in: |
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593 |
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594 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 595 |
596 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" | |
230 | 597 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/" |
226 | 598 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> |
599 <xi:include href="base.html" /> | |
600 ... | |
601 </html> | |
602 | |
603 Include paths are relative to the filename of the template currently being | |
604 processed. So if the example above was in the file "``myapp/index.html``" | |
605 (relative to the template search path), the XInclude processor would look for | |
606 the included file at "``myapp/base.html``". You can also use Unix-style | |
607 relative paths, for example "``../base.html``" to look in the parent directory. | |
608 | |
609 Any content included this way is inserted into the generated output instead of | |
610 the ``<xi:include>`` element. The included template sees the same context data. | |
611 `Match templates`_ and `macros`_ in the included template are also available to | |
612 the including template after the point it was included. | |
613 | |
614 By default, an error will be raised if an included file is not found. If that's | |
615 not what you want, you can specify fallback content that should be used if the | |
616 include fails. For example, to to make the include above fail silently, you'd | |
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617 write: |
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618 |
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619 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 620 |
621 <xi:include href="base.html"><xi:fallback /></xi:include> | |
622 | |
273 | 623 See the `XInclude specification`_ for more about fallback content. Note though |
624 that Genshi currently only supports a small subset of XInclude. | |
625 | |
626 .. _`xinclude specification`: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/ | |
226 | 627 |
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628 |
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629 Dynamic Includes |
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630 ================ |
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631 |
230 | 632 Incudes in Genshi are fully dynamic: Just like normal attributes, the `href` |
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633 attribute accepts expressions, and directives_ can be used on the |
226 | 634 ``<xi:include />`` element just as on any other element, meaning you can do |
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635 things like conditional includes: |
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636 |
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637 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 638 |
639 <xi:include href="${name}.html" py:if="not in_popup" | |
640 py:for="name in ('foo', 'bar', 'baz')" /> | |
641 | |
642 | |
610
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643 Including Text Templates |
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644 ======================== |
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645 |
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646 The ``parse`` attribute of the ``<xi:include>`` element can be used to specify |
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647 whether the included template is an XML template or a text template (using the |
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648 new syntax added in Genshi 0.5): |
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649 |
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650 .. code-block:: genshi |
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651 |
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652 <xi:include href="myscript.js" parse="text" /> |
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653 |
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654 This example would load the ``myscript.js`` file as a ``NewTextTemplate``. See |
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655 `text templates`_ for details on the syntax of text templates. |
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656 |
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657 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html |
6a37018199fd
* XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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658 |
6a37018199fd
* XInclude elements in markup templates now support the `parse` attribute; when set to "xml" (the default), the include is processed as before, but when set to "text", the included template is parsed as a text template using the new syntax (ticket #101).
cmlenz
parents:
602
diff
changeset
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659 |
226 | 660 .. _comments: |
661 | |
662 -------- | |
663 Comments | |
664 -------- | |
665 | |
510
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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666 Normal XML/HTML comment syntax can be used in templates: |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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667 |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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668 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 669 |
670 <!-- this is a comment --> | |
671 | |
672 However, such comments get passed through the processing pipeline and are by | |
673 default included in the final output. If that's not desired, prefix the comment | |
510
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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674 text with an exclamation mark: |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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675 |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
|
676 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 677 |
678 <!-- !this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output --> | |
679 | |
680 Note that it does not matter whether there's whitespace before or after the | |
510
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
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681 exclamation mark, so the above could also be written as follows: |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
|
682 |
ca7d707d51b0
Use syntax highlighting on all the other doc pages, too.
cmlenz
parents:
451
diff
changeset
|
683 .. code-block:: genshi |
226 | 684 |
685 <!--! this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output --> |