Mercurial > genshi > mirror
annotate doc/templates.txt @ 934:31bbb6f9e87b trunk
Merge r1142 from py3k:
add support for python 3 to genshi.template expression evaluator:
* add support for python 3 AST:
* AST for raise has changed in Python 3.
* Python 3 adds AST nodes for individual arguments and Bytes.
* use genshi.compat functions for dealing with code objects.
* do not coerce byte strings to unicode in Python 3 ASTTransformer.
* replace doctests that reply on exception names with uglier but more compatible try:.. except:.. doctest
* handle filename preferences of Python 2 and 3 (2 prefers bytes, 3 prefers unicode).
* ifilter is gone from itertools in Python 3 so use repeat for tests instead.
author | hodgestar |
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date | Fri, 18 Mar 2011 09:15:29 +0000 |
parents | e97cdbf09a18 |
children |
rev | line source |
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*- |
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2 |
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3 ======================== |
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4 Genshi Templating Basics |
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5 ======================== |
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6 |
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7 Genshi provides a template engine that can be used for generating either |
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8 markup (such as HTML_ or XML_) or plain text. While both share some of the |
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9 syntax (and much of the underlying implementation) they are essentially |
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10 separate languages. |
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11 |
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12 .. _html: http://www.w3.org/html/ |
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13 .. _xml: http://www.w3.org/XML/ |
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14 |
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15 This document describes the common parts of the template engine and will be most |
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16 useful as reference to those developing Genshi templates. Templates are XML or |
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17 plain text files that include processing directives_ that affect how the |
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18 template is rendered, and template expressions_ that are dynamically substituted |
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19 by variable data. |
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20 |
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21 |
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22 .. contents:: Contents |
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23 :depth: 3 |
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24 .. sectnum:: |
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25 |
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26 -------- |
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27 Synopsis |
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28 -------- |
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29 |
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30 A Genshi *markup template* is a well-formed XML document with embedded Python |
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31 used for control flow and variable substitution. Markup templates should be |
875 | 32 used to generate any kind of HTML or XML output, as they provide a number of |
33 advantages over simple text-based templates (such as automatic escaping of | |
34 variable data). | |
442
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35 |
875 | 36 The following is a simple Genshi markup template: |
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37 |
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38 .. code-block:: genshi |
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39 |
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40 <?python |
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41 title = "A Genshi Template" |
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42 fruits = ["apple", "orange", "kiwi"] |
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43 ?> |
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44 <html xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"> |
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45 <head> |
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46 <title py:content="title">This is replaced.</title> |
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47 </head> |
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48 |
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49 <body> |
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50 <p>These are some of my favorite fruits:</p> |
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51 <ul> |
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52 <li py:for="fruit in fruits"> |
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53 I like ${fruit}s |
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54 </li> |
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55 </ul> |
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56 </body> |
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57 </html> |
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58 |
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59 This example shows: |
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60 |
875 | 61 (a) a Python code block in a processing instruction |
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62 (b) the Genshi namespace declaration |
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63 (c) usage of templates directives (``py:content`` and ``py:for``) |
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64 (d) an inline Python expression (``${fruit}``). |
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65 |
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66 The template would generate output similar to this: |
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67 |
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68 .. code-block:: genshi |
445 | 69 |
70 <html> | |
71 <head> | |
72 <title>A Genshi Template</title> | |
73 </head> | |
74 | |
75 <body> | |
76 <p>These are some of my favorite fruits:</p> | |
77 <ul> | |
78 <li>I like apples</li> | |
79 <li>I like oranges</li> | |
80 <li>I like kiwis</li> | |
81 </ul> | |
82 </body> | |
83 </html> | |
84 | |
875 | 85 A *text template* is a simple plain text document that can also contain |
86 embedded Python code. Text templates are intended to be used for simple | |
87 *non-markup* text formats, such as the body of an plain text email. For | |
88 example: | |
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89 |
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90 .. code-block:: genshitext |
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91 |
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92 Dear $name, |
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93 |
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94 These are some of my favorite fruits: |
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95 #for fruit in fruits |
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96 * $fruit |
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97 #end |
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98 |
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99 |
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100 ---------- |
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101 Python API |
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102 ---------- |
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103 |
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104 The Python code required for templating with Genshi is generally based on the |
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105 following pattern: |
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106 |
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107 * Attain a ``MarkupTemplate`` or ``TextTemplate`` object from a string or |
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108 file-like object containing the template source. This can either be done |
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109 directly, or through a ``TemplateLoader`` instance. |
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110 * Call the ``generate()`` method of the template, passing any data that should |
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111 be made available to the template as keyword arguments. |
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112 * Serialize the resulting stream using its ``render()`` method. |
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113 |
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114 For example: |
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115 |
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116 .. code-block:: pycon |
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117 |
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118 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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119 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<h1>Hello, $name!</h1>') |
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120 >>> stream = tmpl.generate(name='world') |
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121 >>> print(stream.render('xhtml')) |
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122 <h1>Hello, world!</h1> |
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123 |
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124 .. note:: See the Serialization_ section of the `Markup Streams`_ page for |
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125 information on configuring template output options. |
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126 |
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127 Using a text template is similar: |
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128 |
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129 .. code-block:: pycon |
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130 |
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131 >>> from genshi.template import TextTemplate |
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132 >>> tmpl = TextTemplate('Hello, $name!') |
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133 >>> stream = tmpl.generate(name='world') |
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134 >>> print(stream) |
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135 Hello, world! |
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136 |
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137 .. note:: If you want to use text templates, you should consider using the |
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138 ``NewTextTemplate`` class instead of simply ``TextTemplate``. See |
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139 the `Text Template Language`_ page. |
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140 |
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141 .. _serialization: streams.html#serialization |
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142 .. _`Text Template Language`: text-templates.html |
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143 .. _`Markup Streams`: streams.html |
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144 |
884 | 145 Using a `template loader`_ provides the advantage that “compiled” templates are |
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146 automatically cached, and only parsed again when the template file changes. In |
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147 addition, it enables the use of a *template search path*, allowing template |
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148 directories to be spread across different file-system locations. Using a |
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149 template loader would generally look as follows: |
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150 |
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151 .. code-block:: python |
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152 |
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153 from genshi.template import TemplateLoader |
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154 loader = TemplateLoader([templates_dir1, templates_dir2]) |
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155 tmpl = loader.load('test.html') |
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156 stream = tmpl.generate(title='Hello, world!') |
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157 print(stream.render()) |
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158 |
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159 See the `API documentation <api/index.html>`_ for details on using Genshi via |
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160 the Python API. |
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161 |
884 | 162 .. _`template loader`: loader.html |
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163 |
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164 .. _`expressions`: |
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165 |
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166 ------------------------------------ |
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167 Template Expressions and Code Blocks |
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168 ------------------------------------ |
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169 |
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170 Python_ expressions can be used in text and directive arguments. An expression |
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171 is substituted with the result of its evaluation against the template data. |
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172 Expressions in text (which includes the values of non-directive attributes) need |
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173 to prefixed with a dollar sign (``$``) and usually enclosed in curly braces |
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174 (``{…}``). |
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175 |
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176 .. _python: http://www.python.org/ |
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177 |
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178 If the expression starts with a letter and contains only letters, digits, dots, |
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179 and underscores, the curly braces may be omitted. In all other cases, the |
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180 braces are required so that the template processor knows where the expression |
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181 ends: |
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182 |
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183 .. code-block:: pycon |
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184 |
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185 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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186 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>${items[0].capitalize()} item</em>') |
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187 >>> print(tmpl.generate(items=['first', 'second'])) |
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188 <em>First item</em> |
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189 |
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190 Expressions support the full power of Python. In addition, it is possible to |
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191 access items in a dictionary using “dotted notation” (i.e. as if they were |
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192 attributes), and vice-versa (i.e. access attributes as if they were items in a |
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193 dictionary): |
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194 |
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195 .. code-block:: pycon |
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196 |
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197 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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198 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>${dict.foo}</em>') |
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199 >>> print(tmpl.generate(dict={'foo': 'bar'})) |
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200 <em>bar</em> |
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201 |
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202 Because there are two ways to access either attributes or items, expressions |
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203 do not raise the standard ``AttributeError`` or ``IndexError`` exceptions, but |
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204 rather an exception of the type ``UndefinedError``. The same kind of error is |
476 | 205 raised when you try to use a top-level variable that is not in the context data. |
206 See `Error Handling`_ below for details on how such errors are handled. | |
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207 |
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208 |
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209 Escaping |
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210 ======== |
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211 |
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212 If you need to include a literal dollar sign in the output where Genshi would |
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213 normally detect an expression, you can simply add another dollar sign: |
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214 |
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215 .. code-block:: pycon |
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216 |
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217 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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218 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>$foo</em>') # Wanted "$foo" as literal output |
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219 >>> print(tmpl.generate()) |
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220 Traceback (most recent call last): |
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221 ... |
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222 UndefinedError: "foo" not defined |
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223 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>$$foo</em>') |
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224 >>> print(tmpl.generate()) |
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225 <em>$foo</em> |
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226 |
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227 But note that this is not necessary if the characters following the dollar sign |
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228 do not qualify as an expression. For example, the following needs no escaping: |
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229 |
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230 .. code-block:: pycon |
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231 |
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232 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<script>$(function() {})</script>') |
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233 >>> print(tmpl.generate()) |
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234 <script>$(function() {})</script> |
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235 |
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236 On the other hand, Genshi will always replace two dollar signs in text with a |
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237 single dollar sign, so you'll need to use three dollar signs to get two in the |
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238 output: |
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239 |
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240 .. code-block:: pycon |
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241 |
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242 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<script>$$$("div")</script>') |
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243 >>> print(tmpl.generate()) |
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244 <script>$$("div")</script> |
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245 |
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246 |
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247 .. _`code blocks`: |
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248 |
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249 Code Blocks |
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250 =========== |
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251 |
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252 Templates also support full Python code blocks, using the ``<?python ?>`` |
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253 processing instruction in XML templates: |
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254 |
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255 .. code-block:: genshi |
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256 |
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257 <div> |
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258 <?python |
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259 from genshi.builder import tag |
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260 def greeting(name): |
649 | 261 return tag.b('Hello, %s!' % name) ?> |
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262 ${greeting('world')} |
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263 </div> |
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264 |
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265 This will produce the following output: |
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266 |
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267 .. code-block:: xml |
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268 |
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269 <div> |
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270 <b>Hello, world!</b> |
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271 </div> |
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272 |
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273 In text templates (although only those using the new syntax introduced in |
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274 Genshi 0.5), code blocks use the special ``{% python %}`` directive: |
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275 |
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276 .. code-block:: genshitext |
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277 |
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278 {% python |
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279 from genshi.builder import tag |
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280 def greeting(name): |
649 | 281 return 'Hello, %s!' % name |
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282 %} |
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283 ${greeting('world')} |
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284 |
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285 This will produce the following output:: |
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286 |
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287 Hello, world! |
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288 |
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289 |
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290 Code blocks can import modules, define classes and functions, and basically do |
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291 anything you can do in normal Python code. What code blocks can *not* do is to |
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292 produce content that is emitted directly tp the generated output. |
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293 |
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294 .. note:: Using the ``print`` statement will print to the standard output |
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295 stream, just as it does for other Python code in your application. |
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296 |
476 | 297 Unlike expressions, Python code in ``<?python ?>`` processing instructions can |
298 not use item and attribute access in an interchangeable manner. That means that | |
299 “dotted notation” is always attribute access, and vice-versa. | |
300 | |
301 The support for Python code blocks in templates is not supposed to encourage | |
302 mixing application code into templates, which is generally considered bad | |
303 design. If you're using many code blocks, that may be a sign that you should | |
304 move such code into separate Python modules. | |
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305 |
545
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306 If you'd rather not allow the use of Python code blocks in templates, you can |
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307 simply set the ``allow_exec`` parameter (available on the ``Template`` and the |
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308 ``TemplateLoader`` initializers) to ``False``. In that case Genshi will raise |
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309 a syntax error when a ``<?python ?>`` processing instruction is encountered. |
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310 But please note that disallowing code blocks in templates does not turn Genshi |
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311 into a sandboxable template engine; there are sufficient ways to do harm even |
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312 using plain expressions. |
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313 |
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314 |
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315 .. _`error handling`: |
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316 |
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317 Error Handling |
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318 ============== |
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319 |
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320 By default, Genshi raises an ``UndefinedError`` if a template expression |
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321 attempts to access a variable that is not defined: |
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322 |
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323 .. code-block:: pycon |
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324 |
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325 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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326 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh}</p>') |
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327 >>> tmpl.generate().render('xhtml') |
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328 Traceback (most recent call last): |
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329 ... |
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330 UndefinedError: "doh" not defined |
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331 |
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332 You can change this behavior by setting the variable lookup mode to "lenient". |
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333 In that case, accessing undefined variables returns an `Undefined` object, |
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334 meaning that the expression does not fail immediately. See below for details. |
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335 |
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336 If you need to check whether a variable exists in the template context, use the |
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337 defined_ or the value_of_ function described below. To check for existence of |
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338 attributes on an object, or keys in a dictionary, use the ``hasattr()``, |
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339 ``getattr()`` or ``get()`` functions, or the ``in`` operator, just as you would |
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340 in regular Python code: |
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341 |
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342 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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343 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${defined("doh")}</p>') |
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344 >>> print(tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')) |
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345 <p>False</p> |
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346 |
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347 .. note:: Lenient error handling was the default in Genshi prior to version 0.5. |
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348 Strict mode was introduced in version 0.4, and became the default in |
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349 0.5. The reason for this change was that the lenient error handling |
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350 was masking actual errors in templates, thereby also making it harder |
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351 to debug some problems. |
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352 |
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353 |
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354 .. _`lenient`: |
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355 |
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356 Lenient Mode |
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357 ------------ |
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358 |
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359 If you instruct Genshi to use the lenient variable lookup mode, it allows you |
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360 to access variables that are not defined, without raising an ``UndefinedError``. |
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361 |
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362 This mode can be chosen by passing the ``lookup='lenient'`` keyword argument to |
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363 the template initializer, or by passing the ``variable_lookup='lenient'`` |
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364 keyword argument to the ``TemplateLoader`` initializer: |
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365 |
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366 .. code-block:: pycon |
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367 |
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368 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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369 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh}</p>', lookup='lenient') |
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370 >>> print(tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')) |
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371 <p></p> |
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372 |
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373 You *will* however get an exception if you try to call an undefined variable, or |
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374 do anything else with it, such as accessing its attributes: |
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375 |
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376 .. code-block:: pycon |
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377 |
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378 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
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379 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh.oops}</p>', lookup='lenient') |
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380 >>> print(tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')) |
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381 Traceback (most recent call last): |
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382 ... |
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383 UndefinedError: "doh" not defined |
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384 |
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385 If you need to know whether a variable is defined, you can check its type |
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386 against the ``Undefined`` class, for example in a conditional directive: |
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387 |
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388 .. code-block:: pycon |
442
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389 |
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390 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate |
606
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391 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${type(doh) is not Undefined}</p>', |
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392 ... lookup='lenient') |
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393 >>> print(tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')) |
442
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394 <p>False</p> |
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395 |
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396 Alternatively, the built-in functions defined_ or value_of_ can be used in this |
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397 case. |
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398 |
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399 Custom Modes |
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400 ------------ |
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401 |
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402 In addition to the built-in "lenient" and "strict" modes, it is also possible to |
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403 use a custom error handling mode. For example, you could use lenient error |
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404 handling in a production environment, while also logging a warning when an |
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405 undefined variable is referenced. |
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406 |
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407 See the API documentation of the ``genshi.template.eval`` module for details. |
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408 |
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409 |
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410 Built-in Functions & Types |
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411 ========================== |
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412 |
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413 The following functions and types are available by default in template code, in |
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414 addition to the standard built-ins that are available to all Python code. |
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415 |
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416 .. _`defined`: |
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417 |
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418 ``defined(name)`` |
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419 ----------------- |
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420 This function determines whether a variable of the specified name exists in |
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421 the context data, and returns ``True`` if it does. |
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422 |
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423 .. _`value_of`: |
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424 |
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425 ``value_of(name, default=None)`` |
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426 -------------------------------- |
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427 This function returns the value of the variable with the specified name if |
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428 such a variable is defined, and returns the value of the ``default`` |
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429 parameter if no such variable is defined. |
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430 |
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431 .. _`Markup`: |
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432 |
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433 ``Markup(text)`` |
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434 ---------------- |
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435 The ``Markup`` type marks a given string as being safe for inclusion in markup, |
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436 meaning it will *not* be escaped in the serialization stage. Use this with care, |
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437 as not escaping a user-provided string may allow malicious users to open your |
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438 web site to cross-site scripting attacks. |
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439 |
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440 .. _`Undefined`: |
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441 |
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442 ``Undefined`` |
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443 ---------------- |
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444 The ``Undefined`` type can be used to check whether a reference variable is |
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445 defined, as explained in `error handling`_. |
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446 |
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447 |
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448 .. _`directives`: |
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449 |
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450 ------------------- |
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451 Template Directives |
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452 ------------------- |
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453 |
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454 Directives provide control flow functionality for templates, such as conditions |
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455 or iteration. As the syntax for directives depends on whether you're using |
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456 markup or text templates, refer to the |
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457 `XML Template Language <xml-templates.html>`_ or |
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458 `Text Template Language <text-templates.html>`_ pages for information. |