annotate doc/templates.txt @ 574:15a1137ecfd7

Oops, fix dates in ChangeLog.
author cmlenz
date Tue, 17 Jul 2007 19:45:54 +0000
parents 6e21c89d9255
children 7145e4eba2ec f0bb2c5ea0ff
rev   line source
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 ========================
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4 Genshi Templating Basics
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5 ========================
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6
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7 Genshi provides a template engine that can be used for generating either
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8 markup (such as HTML_ or XML_) or plain text. While both share some of the
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9 syntax (and much of the underlying implementation) they are essentially
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10 separate languages.
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11
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12 .. _html: http://www.w3.org/html/
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13 .. _xml: http://www.w3.org/XML/
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14
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15 This document describes the common parts of the template engine and will be most
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16 useful as reference to those developing Genshi templates. Templates are XML or
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17 plain text files that include processing directives_ that affect how the
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18 template is rendered, and template expressions_ that are dynamically substituted
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19 by variable data.
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20
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21
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22 .. contents:: Contents
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23 :depth: 3
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24 .. sectnum::
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25
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26 --------
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27 Synopsis
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28 --------
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29
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30 A Genshi *markup template* is a well-formed XML document with embedded Python
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31 used for control flow and variable substitution. Markup templates should be
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32 used to generate any kind of HTML or XML output, as they provide many advantages
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33 over simple text-based templates (such as automatic escaping of strings).
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34
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35 The following illustrates a very basic Genshi markup template:
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36
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37 .. code-block:: genshi
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38
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39 <?python
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40 title = "A Genshi Template"
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41 fruits = ["apple", "orange", "kiwi"]
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42 ?>
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43 <html xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/">
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44 <head>
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45 <title py:content="title">This is replaced.</title>
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46 </head>
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47
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48 <body>
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49 <p>These are some of my favorite fruits:</p>
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50 <ul>
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51 <li py:for="fruit in fruits">
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52 I like ${fruit}s
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53 </li>
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54 </ul>
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55 </body>
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56 </html>
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57
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58 This example shows:
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59
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60 (a) a Python code block, using a processing instruction
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61 (b) the Genshi namespace declaration
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62 (c) usage of templates directives (``py:content`` and ``py:for``)
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63 (d) an inline Python expression (``${fruit}``).
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64
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65 The template would generate output similar to this:
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66
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67 .. code-block:: genshi
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68
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69 <html>
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70 <head>
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71 <title>A Genshi Template</title>
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72 </head>
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73
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74 <body>
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75 <p>These are some of my favorite fruits:</p>
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76 <ul>
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77 <li>I like apples</li>
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78 <li>I like oranges</li>
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79 <li>I like kiwis</li>
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80 </ul>
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81 </body>
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82 </html>
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83
442
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84 A *text template* is a simple plain text document that can also contain embedded
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85 Python code. Text templates can be used to generate simple *non-markup* text
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86 formats, such as the body of an plain text email. For example:
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87
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88 .. code-block:: genshitext
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89
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90 Dear $name,
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91
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92 These are some of my favorite fruits:
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93 #for fruit in fruits
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94 * $fruit
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95 #end
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96
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97
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98 ----------
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99 Python API
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100 ----------
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101
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102 The Python code required for templating with Genshi is generally based on the
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103 following pattern:
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104
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105 * Attain a ``MarkupTemplate`` or ``TextTemplate`` object from a string or
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106 file-like object containing the template source. This can either be done
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107 directly, or through a ``TemplateLoader`` instance.
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108 * Call the ``generate()`` method of the template, passing any data that should
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109 be made available to the template as keyword arguments.
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110 * Serialize the resulting stream using its ``render()`` method.
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111
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112 For example:
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113
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114 .. code-block:: pycon
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115
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116 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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117 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<h1>Hello, $name!</h1>')
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118 >>> stream = tmpl.generate(name='world')
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119 >>> print stream.render()
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120 <h1>Hello, world!</h1>
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121
510
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122 Using a text template is similar:
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123
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124 .. code-block:: pycon
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125
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126 >>> from genshi.template import TextTemplate
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127 >>> tmpl = TextTemplate('Hello, $name!')
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128 >>> stream = tmpl.generate(name='world')
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129 >>> print stream.render()
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130 Hello, world!
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131
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132 .. note:: See the Serialization_ section of the `Markup Streams`_ page for
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133 information on configuring template output options.
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134
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135 .. _serialization: streams.html#serialization
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136 .. _`Markup Streams`: streams.html
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137
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138 Using a template loader provides the advantage that “compiled” templates are
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139 automatically cached, and only parsed again when the template file changes. In
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140 addition, it enables the use of a *template search path*, allowing template
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141 directories to be spread across different file-system locations. Using a
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142 template loader would generally look as follows:
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143
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144 .. code-block:: python
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145
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146 from genshi.template import TemplateLoader
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147 loader = TemplateLoader([templates_dir1, templates_dir2])
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148 tmpl = loader.load('test.html')
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149 stream = tmpl.generate(title='Hello, world!')
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150 print stream.render()
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151
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152 See the `API documentation <api/index.html>`_ for details on using Genshi via
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153 the Python API.
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154
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155
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156 .. _`expressions`:
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157
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158 ------------------------------------
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159 Template Expressions and Code Blocks
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160 ------------------------------------
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161
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162 Python_ expressions can be used in text and directive arguments. An expression
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163 is substituted with the result of its evaluation against the template data.
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164 Expressions in text (which includes the values of non-directive attributes) need
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165 to prefixed with a dollar sign (``$``) and usually enclosed in curly braces
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166 (``{…}``).
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167
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168 .. _python: http://www.python.org/
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169
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170 If the expression starts with a letter and contains only letters, digits, dots,
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171 and underscores, the curly braces may be omitted. In all other cases, the
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172 braces are required so that the template processor knows where the expression
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173 ends:
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174
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175 .. code-block:: pycon
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176
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177 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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178 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>${items[0].capitalize()} item</em>')
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179 >>> print tmpl.generate(items=['first', 'second'])
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180 <em>First item</em>
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181
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182 Expressions support the full power of Python. In addition, it is possible to
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183 access items in a dictionary using “dotted notation” (i.e. as if they were
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184 attributes), and vice-versa (i.e. access attributes as if they were items in a
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185 dictionary):
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186
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187 .. code-block:: pycon
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188
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189 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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190 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<em>${dict.foo}</em>')
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191 >>> print tmpl.generate(dict={'foo': 'bar'})
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192 <em>bar</em>
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193
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194 Because there are two ways to access either attributes or items, expressions
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195 do not raise the standard ``AttributeError`` or ``IndexError`` exceptions, but
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196 rather an exception of the type ``UndefinedError``. The same kind of error is
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197 raised when you try to use a top-level variable that is not in the context data.
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198 See `Error Handling`_ below for details on how such errors are handled.
442
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199
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200
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201 .. _`code blocks`:
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202
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203 Code Blocks
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204 ===========
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205
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206 XML templates also support full Python code blocks using the ``<?python ?>``
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207 processing instruction:
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208
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209 .. code-block:: genshi
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210
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211 <div>
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212 <?python
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213 from genshi.builder import tag
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214 def greeting(name):
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215 return tag.b('Hello, %s!' % name') ?>
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216 ${greeting('world')}
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217 </div>
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218
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219 This will produce the following output:
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220
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221 .. code-block:: genshi
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222
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223 <div>
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224 <b>Hello, world!</b>
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225 </div>
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226
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227 Code blocks can import modules, define classes and functions, and basically do
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228 anything you can do in normal Python code. What code blocks can *not* do is to
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229 produce content that is included directly in the generated page.
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230
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231 .. note:: Using the ``print`` statement will print to the standard output
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232 stream, just as it does for other Python code in your application.
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233
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234 Unlike expressions, Python code in ``<?python ?>`` processing instructions can
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235 not use item and attribute access in an interchangeable manner. That means that
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236 “dotted notation” is always attribute access, and vice-versa.
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237
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238 The support for Python code blocks in templates is not supposed to encourage
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239 mixing application code into templates, which is generally considered bad
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240 design. If you're using many code blocks, that may be a sign that you should
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241 move such code into separate Python modules.
442
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242
545
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243 If you'd rather not allow the use of Python code blocks in templates, you can
6e21c89d9255 Support for Python code blocks in templates can now be disabled. Closes #123.
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244 simply set the ``allow_exec`` parameter (available on the ``Template`` and the
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245 ``TemplateLoader`` initializers) to ``False``. In that case Genshi will raise
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246 a syntax error when a ``<?python ?>`` processing instruction is encountered.
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247 But please note that disallowing code blocks in templates does not turn Genshi
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248 into a sandboxable template engine; there are sufficient ways to do harm even
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249 using plain expressions.
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250
442
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251 .. note:: Code blocks are not currently supported in text templates.
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252
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253
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254 .. _`error handling`:
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255
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256 Error Handling
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257 ==============
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258
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259 By default, Genshi allows you to access variables that are not defined, without
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260 raising a ``NameError`` exception as regular Python code would:
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261
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262 .. code-block:: pycon
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263
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264 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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265 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh}</p>')
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266 >>> print tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')
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267 <p></p>
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268
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269 You *will* however get an exception if you try to call an undefined variable, or
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270 do anything else with it, such as accessing its attributes:
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271
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272 .. code-block:: pycon
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273
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274 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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275 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh.oops}</p>')
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276 >>> print tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')
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277 Traceback (most recent call last):
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278 ...
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279 UndefinedError: "doh" not defined
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280
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281 If you need to know whether a variable is defined, you can check its type
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282 against the ``Undefined`` class, for example in a conditional directive:
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283
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284 .. code-block:: pycon
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285
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286 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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287 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${type(doh) is not Undefined}</p>')
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288 >>> print tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')
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289 <p>False</p>
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290
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291 Alternatively, the built-in functions defined_ or value_of_ can be used in this
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292 case.
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293
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294 Strict Mode
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295 -----------
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296
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297 In addition to the default "lenient" error handling, Genshi lets you use a less
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298 forgiving mode if you prefer errors blowing up loudly instead of being ignored
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299 silently.
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300
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301 This mode can be chosen by passing the ``lookup='strict'`` keyword argument to
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302 the template initializer, or by passing the ``variable_lookup='strict'`` keyword
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303 argument to the ``TemplateLoader`` initializer:
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304
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305 .. code-block:: pycon
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306
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307 >>> from genshi.template import MarkupTemplate
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308 >>> tmpl = MarkupTemplate('<p>${doh}</p>', lookup='strict')
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309 >>> print tmpl.generate().render('xhtml')
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310 Traceback (most recent call last):
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311 ...
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312 UndefinedError: "doh" not defined
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313
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314 When using strict mode, any reference to an undefined variable, as well as
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315 trying to access an non-existing item or attribute of an object, will cause an
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316 ``UndefinedError`` to be raised immediately.
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317
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318 .. note:: While this mode is currently not the default, it may be promoted to
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319 the default in future versions of Genshi. In general, the default
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320 lenient error handling mode can be considered dangerous as it silently
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321 ignores typos.
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322
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323 Custom Modes
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324 ------------
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325
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326 In addition to the built-in "lenient" and "strict" modes, it is also possible to
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327 use a custom error handling mode. For example, you could use lenient error
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328 handling in a production environment, while also logging a warning when an
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329 undefined variable is referenced.
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330
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331 See the API documentation of the ``genshi.template.eval`` module for details.
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332
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333
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334 Built-in Functions & Types
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335 ==========================
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336
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337 The following functions and types are available by default in template code, in
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338 addition to the standard built-ins that are available to all Python code.
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339
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340 .. _`defined`:
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341
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342 ``defined(name)``
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343 -----------------
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344 This function determines whether a variable of the specified name exists in
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345 the context data, and returns ``True`` if it does.
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346
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347 .. _`value_of`:
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348
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349 ``value_of(name, default=None)``
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350 --------------------------------
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351 This function returns the value of the variable with the specified name if
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352 such a variable is defined, and returns the value of the ``default``
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353 parameter if no such variable is defined.
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354
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355 .. _`Markup`:
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356
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357 ``Markup(text)``
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358 ----------------
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359 The ``Markup`` type marks a given string as being safe for inclusion in markup,
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360 meaning it will *not* be escaped in the serialization stage. Use this with care,
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361 as not escaping a user-provided string may allow malicious users to open your
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362 web site to cross-site scripting attacks.
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363
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364 .. _`Undefined`:
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365
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366 ``Undefined``
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367 ----------------
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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368 The ``Undefined`` type can be used to check whether a reference variable is
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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369 defined, as explained in `error handling`_.
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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370
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
parents:
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371
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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372 .. _`directives`:
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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373
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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374 -------------------
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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375 Template Directives
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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376 -------------------
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
parents:
diff changeset
377
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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diff changeset
378 Directives provide control flow functionality for templates, such as conditions
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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379 or iteration. As the syntax for directives depends on whether you're using
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
cmlenz
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380 markup or text templates, refer to the
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
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381 `XML Template Language <xml-templates.html>`_ or
ff7c72b52fb2 Back out [510] and instead implement configurable error handling modes. The default is the old 0.3.x behaviour, but more strict error handling is available as an option.
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382 `Text Template Language <text-templates.html>`_ pages for information.
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