annotate doc/xml-templates.txt @ 902:09cc3627654c experimental-inline

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author cmlenz
date Fri, 23 Apr 2010 21:08:26 +0000
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 ============================
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4 Genshi XML Template Language
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5 ============================
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6
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7 Genshi provides a XML-based template language that is heavily inspired by Kid_,
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8 which in turn was inspired by a number of existing template languages, namely
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9 XSLT_, TAL_, and PHP_.
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10
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11 .. _kid: http://kid-templating.org/
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12 .. _python: http://www.python.org/
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13 .. _xslt: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt
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14 .. _tal: http://www.zope.org/Wikis/DevSite/Projects/ZPT/TAL
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15 .. _php: http://www.php.net/
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16
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17 This document describes the template language and will be most useful as
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18 reference to those developing Genshi XML templates. Templates are XML files of
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19 some kind (such as XHTML) that include processing directives_ (elements or
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20 attributes identified by a separate namespace) that affect how the template is
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21 rendered, and template expressions that are dynamically substituted by
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22 variable data.
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23
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24 See `Genshi Templating Basics <templates.html>`_ for general information on
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25 embedding Python code in templates.
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26
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27
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28 .. contents:: Contents
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29 :depth: 3
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30 .. sectnum::
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31
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32
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33 .. _`directives`:
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34
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35 -------------------
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36 Template Directives
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37 -------------------
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38
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39 Directives are elements and/or attributes in the template that are identified
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40 by the namespace ``http://genshi.edgewall.org/``. They can affect how the
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41 template is rendered in a number of ways: Genshi provides directives for
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42 conditionals and looping, among others.
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43
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44 To use directives in a template, the namespace must be declared, which is
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45 usually done on the root element:
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46
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47 .. code-block:: genshi
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48
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49 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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50 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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51 lang="en">
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52 ...
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53 </html>
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54
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55 In this example, the default namespace is set to the XHTML namespace, and the
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56 namespace for Genshi directives is bound to the prefix “py”.
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57
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58 All directives can be applied as attributes, and some can also be used as
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59 elements. The ``if`` directives for conditionals, for example, can be used in
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60 both ways:
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61
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62 .. code-block:: genshi
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63
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64 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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65 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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66 lang="en">
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67 ...
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68 <div py:if="foo">
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69 <p>Bar</p>
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70 </div>
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71 ...
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72 </html>
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73
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74 This is basically equivalent to the following:
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75
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76 .. code-block:: genshi
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77
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78 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
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79 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
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80 lang="en">
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81 ...
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82 <py:if test="foo">
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83 <div>
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84 <p>Bar</p>
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85 </div>
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86 </py:if>
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87 ...
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88 </html>
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89
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90 The rationale behind the second form is that directives do not always map
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91 naturally to elements in the template. In such cases, the ``py:strip``
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92 directive can be used to strip off the unwanted element, or the directive can
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93 simply be used as an element.
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94
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95
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96 Conditional Sections
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97 ====================
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98
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99 .. _`py:if`:
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100
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101 ``py:if``
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102 ---------
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103
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104 The element and its content is only rendered if the expression evaluates to a
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105 truth value:
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106
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107 .. code-block:: genshi
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108
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109 <div>
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110 <b py:if="foo">${bar}</b>
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111 </div>
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112
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113 Given the data ``foo=True`` and ``bar='Hello'`` in the template context, this
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114 would produce:
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115
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116 .. code-block:: xml
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117
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118 <div>
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119 <b>Hello</b>
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120 </div>
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121
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122 But setting ``foo=False`` would result in the following output:
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123
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124 .. code-block:: xml
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125
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126 <div>
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127 </div>
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128
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129 This directive can also be used as an element:
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130
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131 .. code-block:: genshi
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132
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133 <div>
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134 <py:if test="foo">
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135 <b>${bar}</b>
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136 </py:if>
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137 </div>
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138
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139 .. _`py:choose`:
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140 .. _`py:when`:
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141 .. _`py:otherwise`:
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142
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143 ``py:choose``
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144 -------------
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145
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146 The ``py:choose`` directive, in combination with the directives ``py:when``
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147 and ``py:otherwise`` provides advanced conditional processing for rendering one
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148 of several alternatives. The first matching ``py:when`` branch is rendered, or,
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149 if no ``py:when`` branch matches, the ``py:otherwise`` branch is rendered.
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150
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151 If the ``py:choose`` directive is empty the nested ``py:when`` directives will
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152 be tested for truth:
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153
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154 .. code-block:: genshi
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155
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156 <div py:choose="">
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157 <span py:when="0 == 1">0</span>
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158 <span py:when="1 == 1">1</span>
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159 <span py:otherwise="">2</span>
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160 </div>
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161
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162 This would produce the following output:
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163
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164 .. code-block:: xml
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165
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166 <div>
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167 <span>1</span>
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168 </div>
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169
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170 If the ``py:choose`` directive contains an expression the nested ``py:when``
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171 directives will be tested for equality to the parent ``py:choose`` value:
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172
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173 .. code-block:: genshi
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174
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175 <div py:choose="1">
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176 <span py:when="0">0</span>
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177 <span py:when="1">1</span>
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178 <span py:otherwise="">2</span>
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179 </div>
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180
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181 This would produce the following output:
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182
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183 .. code-block:: xml
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184
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185 <div>
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186 <span>1</span>
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187 </div>
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188
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189 These directives can also be used as elements:
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190
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191 .. code-block:: genshi
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192
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193 <py:choose test="1">
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194 <py:when test="0">0</py:when>
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195 <py:when test="1">1</py:when>
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196 <py:otherwise>2</py:otherwise>
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197 </py:choose>
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198
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199 Looping
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200 =======
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201
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202 .. _`py:for`:
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203
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204 ``py:for``
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205 ----------
235
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206
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207 The element is repeated for every item in an iterable:
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208
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209 .. code-block:: genshi
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210
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211 <ul>
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212 <li py:for="item in items">${item}</li>
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213 </ul>
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214
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215 Given ``items=[1, 2, 3]`` in the context data, this would produce:
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216
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217 .. code-block:: xml
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218
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219 <ul>
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220 <li>1</li><li>2</li><li>3</li>
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221 </ul>
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222
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223 This directive can also be used as an element:
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224
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225 .. code-block:: genshi
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226
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227 <ul>
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228 <py:for each="item in items">
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229 <li>${item}</li>
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230 </py:for>
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231 </ul>
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232
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233
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234 Snippet Reuse
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235 =============
226
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236
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237 .. _`py:def`:
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238 .. _`macros`:
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239
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240 ``py:def``
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241 ----------
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242
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243 The ``py:def`` directive can be used to create macros, i.e. snippets of
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244 template code that have a name and optionally some parameters, and that can be
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245 inserted in other places:
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246
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247 .. code-block:: genshi
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248
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249 <div>
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250 <p py:def="greeting(name)" class="greeting">
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251 Hello, ${name}!
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252 </p>
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253 ${greeting('world')}
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254 ${greeting('everyone else')}
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255 </div>
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256
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257 The above would be rendered to:
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258
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259 .. code-block:: xml
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260
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261 <div>
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262 <p class="greeting">
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263 Hello, world!
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264 </p>
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265 <p class="greeting">
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266 Hello, everyone else!
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267 </p>
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268 </div>
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269
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270 If a macro doesn't require parameters, it can be defined without the
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271 parenthesis. For example:
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272
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273 .. code-block:: genshi
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274
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275 <div>
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276 <p py:def="greeting" class="greeting">
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277 Hello, world!
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278 </p>
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279 ${greeting()}
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280 </div>
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281
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282 The above would be rendered to:
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283
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284 .. code-block:: xml
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285
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286 <div>
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287 <p class="greeting">
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288 Hello, world!
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289 </p>
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290 </div>
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291
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292 This directive can also be used as an element:
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293
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294 .. code-block:: genshi
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295
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296 <div>
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297 <py:def function="greeting(name)">
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298 <p class="greeting">Hello, ${name}!</p>
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299 </py:def>
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300 </div>
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301
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302
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303 .. _Match Templates:
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304 .. _`py:match`:
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305
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306 ``py:match``
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307 ------------
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308
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309 This directive defines a *match template*: given an XPath expression, it
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310 replaces any element in the template that matches the expression with its own
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311 content.
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312
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313 For example, the match template defined in the following template matches any
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314 element with the tag name “greeting”:
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315
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316 .. code-block:: genshi
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317
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318 <div>
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319 <span py:match="greeting">
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320 Hello ${select('@name')}
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321 </span>
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322 <greeting name="Dude" />
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323 </div>
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324
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325 This would result in the following output:
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326
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327 .. code-block:: xml
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328
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329 <div>
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330 <span>
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331 Hello Dude
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332 </span>
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333 </div>
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334
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335 Inside the body of a ``py:match`` directive, the ``select(path)`` function is
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336 made available so that parts or all of the original element can be incorporated
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337 in the output of the match template. See `Using XPath`_ for more information
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338 about this function.
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339
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340 .. _`Using XPath`: streams.html#using-xpath
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341
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342 Match templates are applied both to the original markup as well to the
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343 generated markup. The order in which they are applied depends on the order
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344 they are declared in the template source: a match template defined after
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345 another match template is applied to the output generated by the first match
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346 template. The match templates basically form a pipeline.
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347
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348 This directive can also be used as an element:
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349
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350 .. code-block:: genshi
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351
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352 <div>
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353 <py:match path="greeting">
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354 <span>Hello ${select('@name')}</span>
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355 </py:match>
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356 <greeting name="Dude" />
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357 </div>
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358
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359 When used this way, the ``py:match`` directive can also be annotated with a
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360 couple of optimization hints. For example, the following informs the matching
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361 engine that the match should only be applied once:
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362
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363 .. code-block:: genshi
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364
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365 <py:match path="body" once="true">
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366 <body py:attrs="select('@*')">
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367 <div id="header">...</div>
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368 ${select("*|text()")}
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369 <div id="footer">...</div>
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370 </body>
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371 </py:match>
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372
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373 The following optimization hints are recognized:
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374
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375 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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376 | Attribute | Default | Description |
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377 +===============+===========+===============================================+
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378 | ``buffer`` | ``true`` | Whether the matched content should be |
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379 | | | buffered in memory. Buffering can improve |
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380 | | | performance a bit at the cost of needing more |
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381 | | | memory during rendering. Buffering is |
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382 | | | ''required'' for match templates that contain |
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383 | | | more than one invocation of the ``select()`` |
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384 | | | function. If there is only one call, and the |
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385 | | | matched content can potentially be very long, |
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386 | | | consider disabling buffering to avoid |
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387 | | | excessive memory use. |
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388 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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389 | ``once`` | ``false`` | Whether the engine should stop looking for |
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390 | | | more matching elements after the first match. |
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391 | | | Use this on match templates that match |
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392 | | | elements that can only occur once in the |
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393 | | | stream, such as the ``<head>`` or ``<body>`` |
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394 | | | elements in an HTML template, or elements |
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395 | | | with a specific ID. |
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396 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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397 | ``recursive`` | ``true`` | Whether the match template should be applied |
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398 | | | to its own output. Note that ``once`` implies |
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399 | | | non-recursive behavior, so this attribute |
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400 | | | only needs to be set for match templates that |
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401 | | | don't also have ``once`` set. |
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402 +---------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
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403
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404 .. note:: The ``py:match`` optimization hints were added in the 0.5 release. In
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405 earlier versions, the attributes have no effect.
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406
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407
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408 Variable Binding
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409 ================
226
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410
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411 .. _`with`:
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412
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413 ``py:with``
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414 -----------
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415
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416 The ``py:with`` directive lets you assign expressions to variables, which can
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417 be used to make expressions inside the directive less verbose and more
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418 efficient. For example, if you need use the expression ``author.posts`` more
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419 than once, and that actually results in a database query, assigning the results
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420 to a variable using this directive would probably help.
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421
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422 For example:
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423
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424 .. code-block:: genshi
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425
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426 <div>
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427 <span py:with="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</span>
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428 </div>
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429
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430 Given ``x=42`` in the context data, this would produce:
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431
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432 .. code-block:: xml
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433
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434 <div>
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435 <span>42 7 52</span>
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436 </div>
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437
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438 This directive can also be used as an element:
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439
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440 .. code-block:: genshi
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441
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442 <div>
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443 <py:with vars="y=7; z=x+10">$x $y $z</py:with>
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444 </div>
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445
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446 Note that if a variable of the same name already existed outside of the scope
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447 of the ``py:with`` directive, it will **not** be overwritten. Instead, it
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448 will have the same value it had prior to the ``py:with`` assignment.
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449 Effectively, this means that variables are immutable in Genshi.
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450
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451
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452 Structure Manipulation
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453 ======================
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454
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455 .. _`py:attrs`:
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456
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457 ``py:attrs``
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458 ------------
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459
820
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460 This directive adds, modifies or removes attributes from the element:
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461
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462 .. code-block:: genshi
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463
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464 <ul>
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465 <li py:attrs="foo">Bar</li>
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466 </ul>
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467
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468 Given ``foo={'class': 'collapse'}`` in the template context, this would
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469 produce:
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470
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471 .. code-block:: xml
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472
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473 <ul>
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474 <li class="collapse">Bar</li>
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475 </ul>
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476
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477 Attributes with the value ``None`` are omitted, so given ``foo={'class': None}``
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478 in the context for the same template this would produce:
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479
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480 .. code-block:: xml
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481
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482 <ul>
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483 <li>Bar</li>
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484 </ul>
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485
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486 This directive can only be used as an attribute.
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487
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488
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489 .. _`py:content`:
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490
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491 ``py:content``
237
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492 --------------
235
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493
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494 This directive replaces any nested content with the result of evaluating the
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495 expression:
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496
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497 .. code-block:: genshi
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498
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499 <ul>
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500 <li py:content="bar">Hello</li>
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501 </ul>
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502
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503 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce:
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504
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505 .. code-block:: xml
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506
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507 <ul>
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508 <li>Bye</li>
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509 </ul>
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510
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511 This directive can only be used as an attribute.
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512
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513
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514 .. _`py:replace`:
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515
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516 ``py:replace``
237
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517 --------------
235
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518
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519 This directive replaces the element itself with the result of evaluating the
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520 expression:
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521
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522 .. code-block:: genshi
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523
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524 <div>
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525 <span py:replace="bar">Hello</span>
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526 </div>
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527
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528 Given ``bar='Bye'`` in the context data, this would produce:
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529
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530 .. code-block:: xml
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531
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532 <div>
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533 Bye
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534 </div>
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535
820
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diff changeset
536 This directive can also be used as an element (since version 0.5):
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537
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538 .. code-block:: genshi
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539
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540 <div>
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diff changeset
541 <py:replace value="title">Placeholder</py:replace>
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diff changeset
542 </div>
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diff changeset
543
235
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544
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545
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546 .. _`py:strip`:
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547
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diff changeset
548 ``py:strip``
237
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549 ------------
235
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550
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551 This directive conditionally strips the top-level element from the output. When
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552 the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute evaluates to ``True``, the element is
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diff changeset
553 stripped from the output:
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554
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555 .. code-block:: genshi
235
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556
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557 <div>
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558 <div py:strip="True"><b>foo</b></div>
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559 </div>
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560
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561 This would be rendered as:
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562
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563 .. code-block:: xml
235
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564
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565 <div>
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566 <b>foo</b>
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567 </div>
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568
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569 As a shorthand, if the value of the ``py:strip`` attribute is empty, that has
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570 the same effect as using a truth value (i.e. the element is stripped).
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571
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572
226
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573 .. _order:
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574
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575 Processing Order
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576 ================
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577
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578 It is possible to attach multiple directives to a single element, although not
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579 all combinations make sense. When multiple directives are encountered, they are
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580 processed in the following order:
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581
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582 #. `py:def`_
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583 #. `py:match`_
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584 #. `py:when`_
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585 #. `py:otherwise`_
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586 #. `py:for`_
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587 #. `py:if`_
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588 #. `py:choose`_
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589 #. `py:with`_
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590 #. `py:replace`_
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591 #. `py:content`_
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592 #. `py:attrs`_
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593 #. `py:strip`_
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594
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595
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596 .. _includes:
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597
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598 --------
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599 Includes
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600 --------
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601
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602 To reuse common snippets of template code, you can include other files using
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603 XInclude_.
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604
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605 .. _xinclude: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/
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606
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607 For this, you need to declare the XInclude namespace (commonly bound to the
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608 prefix “xi”) and use the ``<xi:include>`` element where you want the external
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609 file to be pulled in:
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610
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611 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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612
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613 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
230
24757b771651 Renamed Markup to Genshi in repository.
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614 xmlns:py="http://genshi.edgewall.org/"
226
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615 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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616 <xi:include href="base.html" />
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617 ...
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618 </html>
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619
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620 Include paths are relative to the filename of the template currently being
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621 processed. So if the example above was in the file "``myapp/index.html``"
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622 (relative to the template search path), the XInclude processor would look for
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623 the included file at "``myapp/base.html``". You can also use Unix-style
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624 relative paths, for example "``../base.html``" to look in the parent directory.
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625
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626 Any content included this way is inserted into the generated output instead of
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627 the ``<xi:include>`` element. The included template sees the same context data.
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628 `Match templates`_ and `macros`_ in the included template are also available to
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629 the including template after the point it was included.
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630
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631 By default, an error will be raised if an included file is not found. If that's
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632 not what you want, you can specify fallback content that should be used if the
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633 include fails. For example, to to make the include above fail silently, you'd
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634 write:
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635
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636 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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637
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638 <xi:include href="base.html"><xi:fallback /></xi:include>
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639
273
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640 See the `XInclude specification`_ for more about fallback content. Note though
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641 that Genshi currently only supports a small subset of XInclude.
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642
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643 .. _`xinclude specification`: http://www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/
226
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644
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645
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646 Dynamic Includes
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647 ================
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648
230
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649 Incudes in Genshi are fully dynamic: Just like normal attributes, the `href`
500
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650 attribute accepts expressions, and directives_ can be used on the
226
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651 ``<xi:include />`` element just as on any other element, meaning you can do
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652 things like conditional includes:
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653
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654 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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655
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656 <xi:include href="${name}.html" py:if="not in_popup"
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657 py:for="name in ('foo', 'bar', 'baz')" />
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658
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659
820
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660 Including Text Templates
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661 ========================
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662
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663 The ``parse`` attribute of the ``<xi:include>`` element can be used to specify
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664 whether the included template is an XML template or a text template (using the
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665 new syntax added in Genshi 0.5):
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666
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667 .. code-block:: genshi
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668
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669 <xi:include href="myscript.js" parse="text" />
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670
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671 This example would load the ``myscript.js`` file as a ``NewTextTemplate``. See
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672 `text templates`_ for details on the syntax of text templates.
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673
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674 .. _`text templates`: text-templates.html
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675
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676
226
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677 .. _comments:
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678
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679 --------
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680 Comments
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681 --------
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682
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683 Normal XML/HTML comment syntax can be used in templates:
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684
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685 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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686
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687 <!-- this is a comment -->
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688
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689 However, such comments get passed through the processing pipeline and are by
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690 default included in the final output. If that's not desired, prefix the comment
820
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691 text with an exclamation mark:
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692
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693 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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694
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695 <!-- !this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output -->
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696
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697 Note that it does not matter whether there's whitespace before or after the
820
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698 exclamation mark, so the above could also be written as follows:
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699
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700 .. code-block:: genshi
226
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701
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702 <!--! this is a comment too, but one that will be stripped from the output -->
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