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annotate doc/messages.txt @ 506:e57f6c0e371b
Back out r549 for now.
author | jruigrok |
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date | Tue, 22 Feb 2011 16:01:21 +0000 |
parents | 1d25ca7199b0 |
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rev | line source |
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4 | 1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*- |
2 | |
3 ============================= | |
4 Working with Message Catalogs | |
5 ============================= | |
6 | |
7 .. contents:: Contents | |
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8 :depth: 3 |
4 | 9 .. sectnum:: |
10 | |
11 | |
12 Introduction | |
13 ============ | |
14 | |
15 The ``gettext`` translation system enables you to mark any strings used in your | |
16 application as subject to localization, by wrapping them in functions such as | |
17 ``gettext(str)`` and ``ngettext(singular, plural, num)``. For brevity, the | |
42 | 18 ``gettext`` function is often aliased to ``_(str)``, so you can write: |
19 | |
20 .. code-block:: python | |
4 | 21 |
22 print _("Hello") | |
23 | |
42 | 24 instead of just: |
25 | |
26 .. code-block:: python | |
4 | 27 |
28 print "Hello" | |
29 | |
30 to make the string "Hello" localizable. | |
31 | |
32 Message catalogs are collections of translations for such localizable messages | |
33 used in an application. They are commonly stored in PO (Portable Object) and MO | |
34 (Machine Object) files, the formats of which are defined by the GNU `gettext`_ | |
35 tools and the GNU `translation project`_. | |
36 | |
37 .. _`gettext`: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/ | |
38 .. _`translation project`: http://sourceforge.net/projects/translation | |
39 | |
40 The general procedure for building message catalogs looks something like this: | |
41 | |
42 * use a tool (such as ``xgettext``) to extract localizable strings from the | |
43 code base and write them to a POT (PO Template) file. | |
44 * make a copy of the POT file for a specific locale (for example, "en_US") | |
45 and start translating the messages | |
46 * use a tool such as ``msgfmt`` to compile the locale PO file into an binary | |
47 MO file | |
48 * later, when code changes make it necessary to update the translations, you | |
49 regenerate the POT file and merge the changes into the various | |
50 locale-specific PO files, for example using ``msgmerge`` | |
51 | |
52 Python provides the `gettext module`_ as part of the standard library, which | |
53 enables applications to work with appropriately generated MO files. | |
54 | |
55 .. _`gettext module`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html | |
56 | |
57 As ``gettext`` provides a solid and well supported foundation for translating | |
58 application messages, Babel does not reinvent the wheel, but rather reuses this | |
59 infrastructure, and makes it easier to build message catalogs for Python | |
60 applications. | |
61 | |
62 | |
63 Message Extraction | |
64 ================== | |
65 | |
66 Babel provides functionality similar to that of the ``xgettext`` program, | |
67 except that only extraction from Python source files is built-in, while support | |
68 for other file formats can be added using a simple extension mechanism. | |
69 | |
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70 Unlike ``xgettext``, which is usually invoked once for every file, the routines |
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71 for message extraction in Babel operate on directories. While the per-file |
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72 approach of ``xgettext`` works nicely with projects using a ``Makefile``, |
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73 Python projects rarely use ``make``, and thus a different mechanism is needed |
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74 for extracting messages from the heterogeneous collection of source files that |
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75 many Python projects are composed of. |
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76 |
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77 When message extraction is based on directories instead of individual files, |
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78 there needs to be a way to configure which files should be treated in which |
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79 manner. For example, while many projects may contain ``.html`` files, some of |
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80 those files may be static HTML files that don't contain localizable message, |
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81 while others may be `Django`_ templates, and still others may contain `Genshi`_ |
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82 markup templates. Some projects may even mix HTML files for different templates |
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83 languages (for whatever reason). Therefore the way in which messages are |
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84 extracted from source files can not only depend on the file extension, but |
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85 needs to be controllable in a precise manner. |
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86 |
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87 .. _`Django`: http://www.djangoproject.com/ |
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88 .. _`Genshi`: http://genshi.edgewall.org/ |
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89 |
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90 Babel accepts a configuration file to specify this mapping of files to |
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91 extraction methods, which is described below. |
4 | 92 |
93 | |
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94 .. _`frontends`: |
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95 |
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96 ---------- |
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97 Front-Ends |
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98 ---------- |
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99 |
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100 Babel provides two different front-ends to access its functionality for working |
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101 with message catalogs: |
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102 |
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103 * A `Command-line interface <cmdline.html>`_, and |
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104 * `Integration with distutils/setuptools <setup.html>`_ |
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105 |
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106 Which one you choose depends on the nature of your project. For most modern |
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107 Python projects, the distutils/setuptools integration is probably more |
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108 convenient. |
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109 |
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110 |
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111 .. _`mapping`: |
4 | 112 |
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113 ------------------------------------------- |
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114 Extraction Method Mapping and Configuration |
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115 ------------------------------------------- |
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116 |
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117 The mapping of extraction methods to files in Babel is done via a configuration |
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118 file. This file maps extended glob patterns to the names of the extraction |
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119 methods, and can also set various options for each pattern (which options are |
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120 available depends on the specific extraction method). |
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121 |
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122 For example, the following configuration adds extraction of messages from both |
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123 Genshi markup templates and text templates: |
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124 |
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125 .. code-block:: ini |
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126 |
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127 # Extraction from Python source files |
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128 |
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129 [python: **.py] |
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130 |
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131 # Extraction from Genshi HTML and text templates |
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132 |
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133 [genshi: **/templates/**.html] |
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134 ignore_tags = script,style |
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135 include_attrs = alt title summary |
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136 |
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137 [genshi: **/templates/**.txt] |
146 | 138 template_class = genshi.template:TextTemplate |
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139 encoding = ISO-8819-15 |
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140 |
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141 The configuration file syntax is based on the format commonly found in ``.INI`` |
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142 files on Windows systems, and as supported by the ``ConfigParser`` module in |
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143 the Python standard library. Section names (the strings enclosed in square |
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144 brackets) specify both the name of the extraction method, and the extended glob |
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145 pattern to specify the files that this extraction method should be used for, |
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146 separated by a colon. The options in the sections are passed to the extraction |
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147 method. Which options are available is specific to the extraction method used. |
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148 |
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149 The extended glob patterns used in this configuration are similar to the glob |
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150 patterns provided by most shells. A single asterisk (``*``) is a wildcard for |
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151 any number of characters (except for the pathname component separator "/"), |
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152 while a question mark (``?``) only matches a single character. In addition, |
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153 two subsequent asterisk characters (``**``) can be used to make the wildcard |
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154 match any directory level, so the pattern ``**.txt`` matches any file with the |
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155 extension ``.txt`` in any directory. |
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156 |
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157 Lines that start with a ``#`` or ``;`` character are ignored and can be used |
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158 for comments. Empty lines are ignored, too. |
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159 |
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160 .. note:: if you're performing message extraction using the command Babel |
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161 provides for integration into ``setup.py`` scripts, you can also |
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162 provide this configuration in a different way, namely as a keyword |
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163 argument to the ``setup()`` function. See `Distutils/Setuptools |
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164 Integration`_ for more information. |
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165 |
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166 .. _`distutils/setuptools integration`: setup.html |
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168 | |
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169 Default Extraction Methods |
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170 -------------------------- |
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172 Babel comes with only two builtin extractors: ``python`` (which extracts |
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173 messages from Python source files) and ``ignore`` (which extracts nothing). |
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175 The ``python`` extractor is by default mapped to the glob pattern ``**.py``, |
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176 meaning it'll be applied to all files with the ``.py`` extension in any |
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177 directory. If you specify your own mapping configuration, this default mapping |
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178 is discarded, so you need to explicitly add it to your mapping (as shown in the |
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179 example above.) |
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180 |
252
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181 |
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182 .. _`referencing extraction methods`: |
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183 |
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184 Referencing Extraction Methods |
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185 ------------------------------ |
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186 |
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187 To be able to use short extraction method names such as “genshi”, you need to |
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188 have `pkg_resources`_ installed, and the package implementing that extraction |
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189 method needs to have been installed with its meta data (the `egg-info`_). |
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190 |
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191 If this is not possible for some reason, you need to map the short names to |
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192 fully qualified function names in an extract section in the mapping |
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193 configuration. For example: |
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194 |
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195 .. code-block:: ini |
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196 |
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197 # Some custom extraction method |
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198 |
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199 [extractors] |
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200 custom = mypackage.module:extract_custom |
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201 |
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202 [custom: **.ctm] |
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203 some_option = foo |
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204 |
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205 Note that the builtin extraction methods ``python`` and ``ignore`` are available |
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206 by default, even if `pkg_resources`_ is not installed. You should never need to |
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207 explicitly define them in the ``[extractors]`` section. |
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208 |
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209 .. _`egg-info`: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PythonEggs |
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210 .. _`pkg_resources`: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/PkgResources |
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211 |
4 | 212 |
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213 -------------------------- |
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214 Writing Extraction Methods |
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215 -------------------------- |
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216 |
75 | 217 Adding new methods for extracting localizable methods is easy. First, you'll |
218 need to implement a function that complies with the following interface: | |
4 | 219 |
42 | 220 .. code-block:: python |
221 | |
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222 def extract_xxx(fileobj, keywords, comment_tags, options): |
75 | 223 """Extract messages from XXX files. |
224 | |
225 :param fileobj: the file-like object the messages should be extracted | |
226 from | |
227 :param keywords: a list of keywords (i.e. function names) that should | |
228 be recognized as translation functions | |
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229 :param comment_tags: a list of translator tags to search for and |
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230 include in the results |
75 | 231 :param options: a dictionary of additional options (optional) |
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232 :return: an iterator over ``(lineno, funcname, message, comments)`` |
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233 tuples |
75 | 234 :rtype: ``iterator`` |
235 """ | |
236 | |
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237 .. note:: Any strings in the tuples produced by this function must be either |
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238 ``unicode`` objects, or ``str`` objects using plain ASCII characters. |
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239 That means that if sources contain strings using other encodings, it |
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240 is the job of the extractor implementation to do the decoding to |
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241 ``unicode`` objects. |
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242 |
75 | 243 Next, you should register that function as an entry point. This requires your |
244 ``setup.py`` script to use `setuptools`_, and your package to be installed with | |
245 the necessary metadata. If that's taken care of, add something like the | |
246 following to your ``setup.py`` script: | |
247 | |
248 .. code-block:: python | |
249 | |
250 def setup(... | |
251 | |
252 entry_points = """ | |
253 [babel.extractors] | |
254 xxx = your.package:extract_xxx | |
255 """, | |
256 | |
257 That is, add your extraction method to the entry point group | |
258 ``babel.extractors``, where the name of the entry point is the name that people | |
259 will use to reference the extraction method, and the value being the module and | |
260 the name of the function (separated by a colon) implementing the actual | |
261 extraction. | |
262 | |
252
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263 .. note:: As shown in `Referencing Extraction Methods`_, declaring an entry |
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264 point is not strictly required, as users can still reference the |
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265 extraction function directly. But whenever possible, the entry point |
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266 should be declared to make configuration more convenient. |
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267 |
75 | 268 .. _`setuptools`: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools |
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269 |
252
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270 |
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271 ------------------- |
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272 Translator Comments |
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273 ------------------- |
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274 |
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275 First of all what are comments tags. Comments tags are excerpts of text to |
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276 search for in comments, only comments, right before the `python gettext`_ |
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277 calls, as shown on the following example: |
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278 |
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279 .. _`python gettext`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html |
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280 |
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281 .. code-block:: python |
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282 |
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283 # NOTE: This is a comment about `Foo Bar` |
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284 _('Foo Bar') |
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285 |
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286 The comments tag for the above example would be ``NOTE:``, and the translator |
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287 comment for that tag would be ``This is a comment about `Foo Bar```. |
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288 |
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289 The resulting output in the catalog template would be something like:: |
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290 |
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291 #. This is a comment about `Foo Bar` |
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292 #: main.py:2 |
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293 msgid "Foo Bar" |
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294 msgstr "" |
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295 |
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296 Now, you might ask, why would I need that? |
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297 |
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298 Consider this simple case; you have a menu item called “manual”. You know what |
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299 it means, but when the translator sees this they will wonder did you mean: |
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300 |
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301 1. a document or help manual, or |
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302 2. a manual process? |
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303 |
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304 This is the simplest case where a translation comment such as |
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305 “The installation manual” helps to clarify the situation and makes a translator |
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306 more productive. |
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307 |
252
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308 .. note:: Whether translator comments can be extracted depends on the extraction |
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309 method in use. The Python extractor provided by Babel does implement |
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310 this feature, but others may not. |