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annotate doc/catalogs.txt @ 64:0406c51c5463

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`read_po` now returns a `Catalog`.
author cmlenz
date Fri, 08 Jun 2007 13:15:32 +0000
parents daf35e2ad044
children dd5c3ba59eae
rev   line source
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1 .. -*- mode: rst; encoding: utf-8 -*-
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2
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3 =============================
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4 Working with Message Catalogs
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5 =============================
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6
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7 .. contents:: Contents
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8 :depth: 2
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9 .. sectnum::
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10
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11
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12 Introduction
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13 ============
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14
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15 The ``gettext`` translation system enables you to mark any strings used in your
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16 application as subject to localization, by wrapping them in functions such as
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17 ``gettext(str)`` and ``ngettext(singular, plural, num)``. For brevity, the
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18 ``gettext`` function is often aliased to ``_(str)``, so you can write:
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19
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20 .. code-block:: python
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21
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22 print _("Hello")
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23
40
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24 instead of just:
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25
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26 .. code-block:: python
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27
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28 print "Hello"
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29
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30 to make the string "Hello" localizable.
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31
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32 Message catalogs are collections of translations for such localizable messages
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33 used in an application. They are commonly stored in PO (Portable Object) and MO
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34 (Machine Object) files, the formats of which are defined by the GNU `gettext`_
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35 tools and the GNU `translation project`_.
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36
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37 .. _`gettext`: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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38 .. _`translation project`: http://sourceforge.net/projects/translation
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39
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40 The general procedure for building message catalogs looks something like this:
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41
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42 * use a tool (such as ``xgettext``) to extract localizable strings from the
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43 code base and write them to a POT (PO Template) file.
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44 * make a copy of the POT file for a specific locale (for example, "en_US")
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45 and start translating the messages
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46 * use a tool such as ``msgfmt`` to compile the locale PO file into an binary
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47 MO file
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48 * later, when code changes make it necessary to update the translations, you
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49 regenerate the POT file and merge the changes into the various
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50 locale-specific PO files, for example using ``msgmerge``
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51
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52 Python provides the `gettext module`_ as part of the standard library, which
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53 enables applications to work with appropriately generated MO files.
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54
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55 .. _`gettext module`: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-gettext.html
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56
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57 As ``gettext`` provides a solid and well supported foundation for translating
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58 application messages, Babel does not reinvent the wheel, but rather reuses this
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59 infrastructure, and makes it easier to build message catalogs for Python
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60 applications.
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61
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62
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63 Message Extraction
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64 ==================
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65
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66 Babel provides functionality similar to that of the ``xgettext`` program,
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67 except that only extraction from Python source files is built-in, while support
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68 for other file formats can be added using a simple extension mechanism.
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69
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70 Unlike ``xgettext``, which is usually invoked once for every file, the routines
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71 for message extraction in Babel operate on directories. While the per-file
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72 approach of ``xgettext`` works nicely with projects using a ``Makefile``,
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73 Python projects rarely use ``make``, and thus a different mechanism is needed
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74 for extracting messages from the heterogeneous collection of source files that
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75 many Python projects are composed of.
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76
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77 When message extraction is based on directories instead of individual files,
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78 there needs to be a way to configure which files should be treated in which
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79 manner. For example, while many projects may contain ``.html`` files, some of
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80 those files may be static HTML files that don't contain localizable message,
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81 while others may be `Django`_ templates, and still others may contain `Genshi`_
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82 markup templates. Some projects may even mix HTML files for different templates
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83 languages (for whatever reason). Therefore the way in which messages are
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84 extracted from source files can not only depend on the file extension, but
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85 needs to be controllable in a precise manner.
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86
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87 .. _`Django`: http://www.djangoproject.com/
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88 .. _`Genshi`: http://genshi.edgewall.org/
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89
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90 Babel accepts a configuration file to specify this mapping of files to
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91 extraction methods, which is described below.
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92
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93
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94 .. _`mapping`:
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95
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96 -------------------------------------------
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97 Extraction Method Mapping and Configuration
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98 -------------------------------------------
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99
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100 The mapping of extraction methods to files in Babel is done via a configuration
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101 file. This file maps extended glob patterns to the names of the extraction
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102 methods, and can also set various options for each pattern (which options are
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103 available depends on the specific extraction method).
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104
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105 For example, the following configuration adds extraction of messages from both
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106 Genshi markup templates and text templates:
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107
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108 .. code-block:: ini
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109
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110 # Extraction from Python source files
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111
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112 [python: foobar/**.py]
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113
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114 # Extraction from Genshi HTML and text templates
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115
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116 [genshi: foobar/**/templates/**.html]
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117 ignore_tags = script,style
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118 include_attrs = alt title summary
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119
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120 [genshi: foobar/**/templates/**.txt]
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121 template_class = genshi.template.text:TextTemplate
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122 encoding = ISO-8819-15
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123
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124 The configuration file syntax is based on the format commonly found in ``.INI``
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125 files on Windows systems, and as supported by the ``ConfigParser`` module in
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126 the Python standard libraries. Section names (the strings enclosed in square
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127 brackets) specify both the name of the extraction method, and the extended glob
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128 pattern to specify the files that this extraction method should be used for,
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129 separated by a colon. The options in the sections are passed to the extraction
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130 method. Which options are available is specific to the extraction method used.
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131
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132 The extended glob patterns used in this configuration are similar to the glob
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133 patterns provided by most shells. A single asterisk (``*``) is a wildcard for
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134 any number of characters (except for the pathname component separator "/"),
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135 while a question mark (``?``) only matches a single character. In addition,
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136 two subsequent asterisk characters (``**``) can be used to make the wildcard
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137 match any directory level, so the pattern ``**.txt`` matches any file with the
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138 extension ``.txt`` in any directory.
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139
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140 Lines that start with a ``#`` or ``;`` character are ignored and can be used
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141 for comments. Empty lines are also ignored, too.
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142
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143 .. note:: if you're performing message extraction using the command Babel
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144 provides for integration into ``setup.py`` scripts (see below), you
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145 can also provide this configuration in a different way, namely as a
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146 keyword argument to the ``setup()`` function.
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147
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148
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149 ----------
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150 Front-Ends
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151 ----------
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152
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153 Babel provides two different front-ends to access its functionality for working
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154 with message catalogs:
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155
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156 * A `Command-line interface <cmdline.html>`_, and
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157 * `Integeration with distutils/setuptools <setup.html>`_
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158
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159 Which one you choose depends on the nature of your project. For most modern
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160 Python projects, the distutils/setuptools integration is probably more
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161 convenient.
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162
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164 --------------------------
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165 Writing Extraction Methods
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166 --------------------------
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167
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168 (TODO: write)
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169
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170
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171
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172 Extended ``Translations`` Class
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173 ===============================
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174
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175 Many web-based applications are composed of a variety of different components
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176 (possibly using some kind of plugin system), and some of those components may
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177 provide their own message catalogs that need to be integrated into the larger
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178 system.
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179
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180 To support this usage pattern, Babel provides a ``Translations`` class that is
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181 derived from the ``GNUTranslations`` class in the ``gettext`` module. This
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182 class adds a ``merge()`` method that takes another ``Translations`` instance,
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183 and merges its contents into the catalog:
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184
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185 .. code-block:: python
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186
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187 translations = Translations.load('main')
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188 translations.merge(Translations.load('plugin1'))
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